Circulating concentrations and relative percent composition of trans fatty acids in healthy Canadian young adults between 2004 and 2010: a cross-sectional study

Salma A. Abdelmagid; Daiva E. Nielsen; Alaa Badawi; Ahmed El-Sohemy; David M. Mutch; David W.L. Ma

doi:10.9778/cmajo.20160048

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Figure 1
Changes in circulating concentrations and percent composition levels of select trans fatty acids from 2004 to 2010. (Total N = 1294; 2004, n = 95; 2005, n = 234; 2006, n = 227; 2007, n = 137; 2008, n = 203; 2009, n = 201; 2010, n = 197). Arrow indicates 2007, the point at which Health Canada adopted recommendations for voluntary reduction of trans fatty acids.

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Table 1: General characteristics of study population

Charactertistic	Total population, mean ± SD n = 1294
Age, yr	22.7 ± 2.5
BMI, kg/m²	22.9 ± 3.5
HOMA-IR	1.5 ± 1.4
Glucose, mmol/L	4.8 ± 0.4
Insulin, pmol/L	47.7 ± 40.4
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	4.3 ± 0.8
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L	1.5 ± 0.4
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L	2.3 ± 0.6
Triglycerides, mmol/L	1.0 ± 2.9
Free fatty acids, µmol/L	477.6 ± 248.4
% Energy from dietary fat	27.1 ± 6.0

Note: BMI = body mass index, HDL = high-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR = homeostatis model assistance and insulin resistance, LDL = low-density lipoprotein, SD = standard deviation.

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Table 2: Trans fatty acids levels (% composition) by year

Fatty acid	2004 n = 95 (M = 25, F = 70)	2005 n = 234 (M = 80, F = 154)	2006 n = 227 (M = 69, F = 158)	2007 n = 137 (M = 34, F = 103)	2008 n = 203 (M = 52, F = 151)	2009 n = 201 (M = 136, F = 65)	2010 n = 197 (M = 71, F = 126)
16:1t9	0.33 ± 0.09*	0.30 ± 0.08*	0.19 ± 0.15‡	0.19 ± 0.13‡	0.21 ± 0.07‡	0.24 ± 0.09†	0.21 ± 0.08†,‡
18:1t4	0.05 ± 0.05†,‡	0.03 ± 0.04‡	0.08 ± 0.09*,†	0.10 ± 0.12*	0.09 ± 0.09*	0.08 ± 0.10*,†	0.09 ± 0.12*
18:1t5	0.03 ± 0.04†	0.02 ± 0.03†,‡	0.01 ± 0.02‡	0.01 ± 0.02‡	0.01 ± 0.01‡	0.03 ± 0.07†	0.09 ± 0.09*
18:1t6-8	0.21 ± 0.11*	0.15 ± 0.07†	0.08 ± 0.04‡	0.08 ± 0.04‡	0.08 ± 0.08‡	0.08 ± 0.08‡	0.15 ± 0.12†
18:1t9	0.42 ± 0.18*	0.25 ± 0.11†	0.21 ± 0.09‡	0.21 ± 0.07‡,§	0.16 ± 0.13¶	0.17 ± 0.10§,¶	0.38 ± 0.15*
18:1t10	0.44 ± 0.17*	0.31 ± 0.13‡	0.19 ± 0.09§	0.19 ± 0.10§	0.13 ± 0.13¶	0.23 ± 0.13§	0.37 ± 0.15†
18:1t11	0.31 ± 0.15*	0.29 ± 0.14*	0.24 ± 0.10†	0.23 ± 0.08†	0.16 ± 0.11‡	0.17 ± 0.09‡	0.12 ± 0.07§
18:1t12	0.24 ± 0.10*	0.19 ± 0.09†	0.13 ± 0.07‡	0.15 ± 0.07‡	0.09 ± 0.07§	0.14 ± 0.17‡	0.14 ± 0.10‡
18:1t13 or c6	0.18 ± 0.08*,†,‡	0.06 ± 0.16‡	0.16 ± 0.09†,‡	0.20 ± 0.08†,‡	0.22 ± 1.36†,‡	0.45 ± 1.17*	0.36 ± 0.48†
18:2c9t12	0.26 ± 0.06*,†	0.17 ± 0.04§	0.30 ± 0.34*	0.24 ± 0.09†,‡	0.19 ± 0.38‡,§	0.23 ± 0.10†,‡	0.26 ± 0.10*,†
18:2c9t13	0.21 ± 0.6*	0.17 ± 0.6*,†	0.19 ± 0.09*,†	0.16 ± 0.07†	0.04 ± 0.13§	0.07 ± 0.14§	0.11 ± 0.14‡
18:2t9c12	0.16 ± 0.04*,†	0.11 ± 0.05‡	0.16 ± 0.05†	0.16 ± 0.06†	0.12 ± 0.03‡	0.16 ± 0.08†	0.18 ± 0.07*
18:2t9t12	0.02 ± 0.01†,‡,§	0.01 ± 0.01§	0.03 ± 0.04†	0.03 ± 0.04†,‡	0.02 ± 0.02‡,§	0.04 ± 0.06†	0.10 ± 0.10*
18:2tt	0.02 ± 0.01§	0.03 ± 0.02§	0.04 ± 0.06‡,§	0.07 ± 0.20†	0.06 ± 0.03†,‡	0.05 ± 0.05†,‡,§	0.13 ± 0.13*
18:2c9t11 CLA	0.29 ± 0.07*	0.26 ± 0.07†	0.24 ± 0.06‡	0.20 ± 0.07‡,§	0.17 ± 0.06 e	0.17 ± 0.06 e	0.21 ± 0.11§
18:2c10t12 CLA	0.08 ± 0.02*	0.07 ± 0.02†,‡	0.06 ± 0.02‡,§	0.08 ± 0.04*,†	0.04 ± 0.02 e	0.06 ± 0.04§	0.07 ± 0.05*,†
Total trans	2.88 ± 0.88*	2.07 ± 0.70†	2.00 ± 0.69†	2.00 ± 0.63†	1.58 ± 1.50‡	2.12 ± 1.73†	2.69 ± 1.23*

Note: F = female, M = male. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Differences in years were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Tukey posthoc test was used to determine differences between means. Total trans excludes conjugated linoleic acid isomers.Values within a row with different symbols are significantly different (p < 0.05).

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Table 3: Trans fatty acids concentrations (µmol/L) by year

Fatty acid	2004 n = 95 (M = 25, F = 70)	2005 n = 234 (M = 80, F = 154)	2006 n = 227 (M = 69, F = 158)	2007 n = 137 (M = 34, F = 103)	2008 n = 203 (M = 52, F = 151)	2009 n = 201 (M = 136, F = 65)	2010 n = 197 (M = 71, F = 126)
16:1t9	28.57 ± 10.10*	21.61 ± 8.23†	14.67 ± 12.64§	15.16 ± 11.43§	16.82 ± 7.05‡,§	19.43 ± 8.42†,‡	20.56 ± 10.05†
18:1t4	4.28 ± 4.27†	1.89 ± 2.23‡	5.06 ± 5.44*,†	6.77 ± 8.62*	6.56 ± 5.69*	6.06 ± 6.59*,†	5.79 ± 4.41*,†
18:1t5	2.34 ± 2.69†	1.10 ± 1.93‡	0.57 ± 1.24‡	0.56 ± 1.13‡	0.44 ± 0.83‡	1.87 ± 3.99†	6.43 ± 4.22*
18:1t6-8	16.85 ± 8.91*	9.71 ± 5.33‡	5.53 ± 3.10§	5.75 ± 3.01§	5.30 ± 4.39§	5.91 ± 5.56§	11.39 ± 8.18†
18:1t9	32.81 ± 15.96*	16.25 ± 8.32†	14.28 ± 6.83†,‡	14.39 ± 6.43†,‡	11.56 ± 7.54‡	13.13 ± 9.43†,‡	32.54 ± 22.07*
18:1t10	34.46 ± 14.95*	20.19 ± 9.53†	13.22 ± 7.26‡,§	13.09 ± 6.36‡,§	9.84 ± 6.50§	16.35 ± 9.84‡	31.80 ± 27.02*
18:1t11	24.34 ± 11.33*	19.01 ± 10.14†	16.25 ± 7.91‡	15.53 ± 5.79‡	11.95 ± 7.34§	12.53 ± 9.10§	9.41 ± 6.14¶
18:1t12	18.40 ± 8.12*	11.90 ± 5.92†	8.95 ± 4.66‡	10.00 ± 5.15†,‡	6.71 ± 4.33§	10.12 ± 8.06†,‡	11.04 ± 8.67†
18:1t13 or c6	13.63 ± 6.03†,‡	3.73 ± 7.10‡	10.89 ± 6.32‡	13.62 ± 6.72†,‡	15.00 ± 86.76†,‡	30.98 ± 58.95*	27.45 ± 34.33*,†
18:2c9t12	20.57 ± 6.33*,†	11.10 ± 4.14§	20.00 ± 24.53*,†	17.10 ± 7.62†,‡	14.17 ± 4.79‡,§	17.13 ± 7.65†,‡	22.01 ± 10.94*
18:2c9t13	16.33 ± 5.79*	11.19 ± 5.47†	12.90 ± 6.62†	11.29 ± 5.89†	2.91 ± 10.08§	4.93 ± 9.42§	7.83 ± 4.96‡
18:2t9c12	12.82 ± 3.81†	7.11 ± 3.49 e	10.48 ± 3.93‡	10.87 ± 4.73‡	8.90 ± 3.07§	11.64 ± 6.25†,‡	15.06 ± 7.44*
18:2t9t12	1.67 ± 0.79†,‡	0.34 ± 0.66§	2.22 ± 3.06†	2.00 ± 2.87†,‡	1.26 ± 1.34‡	2.57 ± 3.76†	7.33 ± 5.11*
18:2tt	1.93 ± 1.27‡,§	1.69 ± 1.25§	2.39 ± 3.50‡,§	4.30 ± 10.12†	4.18 ± 2.39†	3.43 ± 3.56†	10.26 ± 8.01*
18:2c9t11 CLA	23.62 ± 8.94*	17.26 ± 7.22†	16.32 ± 6.34†	16.28 ± 6.91†	12.62 ± 5.79‡	12.95 ± 7.41‡	17.49 ± 9.89†
18:2c10t12 CLA	6.25 ± 1.86*	4.28 ± 1.62‡	3.85 ± 1.31†	5.09 ± 2.37§	3.02 ± 1.41‡	3.93 ± 3.13‡	6.29 ± 4.30*
Total trans	228.99 ± 81.6*	136.83 ± 56.1†,‡	137.41 ± 58.4†,‡	140.42 ± 54.5†,‡	115.60 ± 96.9‡	156.08 ± 97.8†	218.89 ± 112.6*

Note: F = female, M = male. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Differences in years were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Tukey posthoc test was used to determine differences between means. Total trans excludes conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Values within a row with different symbols are significantly different (p < 0.05).