Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1:
Absolute number of pregnancies resulting in live births following assisted human reproduction (AHR) treatment and incidence of AHR pregnancies leading to live births per 1000 pregnancies in Alberta from July 1, 2009, to Dec. 31, 2018. The absolute increase in AHR live births per year was 2.66 per 1000 pregnancies (0.26%, 95% confidence interval 0.24%–0.29%). For the year 2009, data were available only for July–December.
- Figure 2:
Proportion of pregnancies resulting in live births following assisted human reproduction (AHR) treatment according to maternal age group at the time of delivery in Alberta from July 1, 2009, to Dec. 31, 2018.
Tables
- Table 1:
Maternal characteristics among women who have or have not undergone assisted human reproduction (AHR) treatment
Characteristic No. (%) of pregnancies* p (GEE) Non-AHR
n = 477 971AHR
n = 21 909No. of women 387391 18907 – Primiparous 196246 (41.1) 11993 (54.7) < 0.001 Singletons 464472 (97.2) 17790 (81.2) < 0.001 Multiple births 13 539 (2.8) 4119 (18.8) Twins 13 214 (97.6) 3896 (94.6) 0.05 Triplets 311 (2.3) 205 (5.0) Quadruplets 14 (0.1) 18 (0.4) Age at delivery, yr, mean ± SD 30.1 ± 5.3 33.9 ± 4.9 < 0.001 Median (IQR) 30 (27–34) 34 (31–37) Age at delivery, yr < 25 73840 (15.5) 594 (2.7) < 0.001 25–29 140553 (29.4) 3455 (15.8) 30–34 166581 (34.9) 8130 (37.1) ≥ 35 96997 (20.3) 9730 (44.4) Missing data 0 0 Ethnicity General population 321015 (82.9) 15378 (81.3) < 0.001 Chinese 12418 (3.2) 735 (3.9) South Asian 10993 (2.8) 683 (3.6) Missing data 42965 (11.1) 2111 (11.2) Rural residence at delivery 102084 (21.4) 3215 (14.7) < 0.001 Urban residence at delivery 375927 (78.6) 18694 (85.3) Married 333098 (69.7) 19008 (86.8) < 0.001 Annual household income, $, median (IQR) 83039 (69884–99112) 76374 (68467–96758) < 0.001 Pre-existing diabetes at delivery 5847 (1.2) 430 (2.0) 0.163 Pre-existing cardiovascular disease at delivery 5753 (1.2) 304 (1.4) 0.153 Pre-existing renal disease at delivery 17584 (3.7) 544 (2.5) < 0.001 Gestational diabetes 38646 (8.1) 2264 (10.3) 0.651 Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 43537 (9.1) 2586 (11.8) 0.314 Note: GEE = generalized estimating equation, IQR = interquartile range, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Unless indicated otherwise.
- Table 2:
Obstetric and neonatal outcomes among women who have or have not undergone assisted human reproduction (AHR) treatment
Characteristic No. (%) of live births* p (GEE) Non-AHR
n = 492 023AHR
n = 26 270Mode of delivery Spontaneous vaginal birth 184856 (37.6) 6221 (23.7) 0.327 Induced labour 91355 (18.6) 4661 (17.7) 0.424 Cesarean delivery 114581 (23.3) 10643 (40.5) < 0.001 Missing 101231 (20.6) 4745 (18.1) 0.51 Preterm delivery (< 37 wk) 45050 (9.2) 8156 (31).0 < 0.001 Prolonged pregnancy (≥ 42 wk) 1252 (0.3) 26 (0.1) – Birth weight, g, mean ± SD 3320 ± 575 3020 ± 762 < 0.001 Median (IQR) 3350 (3010–3674) 3130 (2635–3520) Birth weight category, kg < 2.5 37179 (7.6) 7058 (26.9) < 0.001 2.5–4.0 405333 (82.4) 17767 (67.6) 0.171 > 4.0 43707 (8.9) 1368 (5.2) < 0.001 Missing 5804 (1.2) 77 (0.3) – Neonatal intensive care unit admission 47936 (9.7) 6651 (25.3) < 0.001 Congenital malformation 1410 (0.3) 134 (0.5) 0.002 Note: GEE = generalized estimating equation, IQR = interquartile range, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Unless indicated otherwise.
- Table 3:
Maternal characteristics according to assisted human reproduction (AHR) group and maternal age at delivery*
Characteristic No. (%) of non-AHR pregnancies† No. (%) of AHR pregnancies† < 25 yr
n = 73 84025–29 yr
n = 140 55330–34 yr
n = 166 581≥ 35 yr
n = 96 997< 25 yr
n = 59425–29 yr
n = 345530–34 yr
n = 8130≥ 35 yr
n = 9730Primiparous 46 087 (62.4) 66 254 (47.1) 60 109 (36.1) 23 796 (24.5) 352 (59.3) 2130 (61.6) 4519 (55.6) 4992 (51.3) Singletons 72 329 (98.0) 136 851 (97.4) 161 570 (97.0) 93 722 (96.6) 544 (91.6) 2941 (85.1) 6637 (81.6) 7668 (78.8) Multiple birth 1519 (2.1) 3714 (2.6) 5027 (3.0) 3279 (3.4) 50 (8.4) 514 (14.9) 1493 (18.4) 2062 (21.2) Multiple birth categories Twins 1476 (2.0) 3621 (2.6) 4902 (2.9) 3215 (3.3) 44 (7.4) 487 (14.1) 1381 (17.0) 1984 (20.4) Triplets 39 (0.1) 85 (0.1) 124 (0.1) 63 (0.1) 6 (1.0) 23 (0.7) 101 (1.2) 75 (0.8) Quadruplets 4 (0) 8 (0) 1 (0) 1 (0) 0 (0) 4 (0.1) 11 (0.1) 3 (0) Age at delivery, yr, mean ± SD 21.7 ± 2.0 27.2 ± 1.4 31.8 ± 1.4 37.3 ± 2.3 22.5 ± 1.6 27.5 ± 1.3 32.1 ± 1.3 38.3 ± 2.9 Median (IQR) 22 (20–23) 27 (26–28) 32 (31–33) 37 (36–39) 23 (22–24) 28 (27–29) 32 (31–33) 38 (36–40) Rural residence at delivery 26 402 (35.8) 33 878 (24.1) 27 970 (16.8) 13 834 (14.3) 190 (32.0) 843 (24.4) 1224 (15.1) 958 (9.8) Gestational diabetes 3170 (4.3) 8793 (6.3) 14 325 (8.6) 12 358 (12.7) 27 (4.6) 215 (6.2) 743 (9.1) 1279 (13.1) Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 6398 (8.7) 12 627 (9.0) 14 932 (9.0) 9580 (9.9) 49 (8.2) 334 (9.7) 859 (10.6) 1344 (13.8) Note: IQR = interquartile range, SD = standard deviation.
↵* The interaction term of age (< 25 yr as reference) by group (non-AHR as reference) was significant at 0.05 in adjusted generalized estimating equation models (Wald Test) for primiparous, multiple v. singleton, rural residence at delivery, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and age at delivery.
↵† Unless indicated otherwise.
- Table 4:
Obstetric and neonatal outcomes by assisted human reproduction (AHR) group and maternal age at delivery*
Characteristic No. (%) of non-AHR live births† No. (%) of AHR live births† < 25 yr
n = 76 68325–29 yr
n = 140 55330–34 yr
n = 176 492≥ 35 yr
n = 104 125< 25 yr
n = 65025–29 yr
n = 400030–34 yr
n = 9747≥ 35 yr
n = 11 873Mode of delivery Spontaneous vaginal birth 32520 (42.2) 57423 (38.9) 63641 (36.1) 31272 (30.0) 239 (36.8) 1216 (30.4) 2550 (26.2) 2216 (18.7) Induced labour 14334 (18.7) 27337 (18.5) 31056 (17.6) 18628 (17.9) 114 (17.5) 780 (19.5) 1722 (17.7) 2045 (17.2) Cesarean delivery 12969 (16.9) 29857 (20.2) 41551 (23.5) 30204 (29.0) 163 (25.1) 1281 (32.0) 3648 (37.4) 5551 (46.8) Missing 15644 (20.4) 29801 (20.2) 35530 (20.1) 20256 (19.5) 134 (20.6) 723 (18.1) 1827 (18.7) 2061 (17.4) Preterm delivery (< 37 wk) 6483 (8.5) 12426 (8.4) 15430 (8.7) 10711 (10.3) 209 (32.2) 1137 (28.4) 2973 (30.5) 3837 (32.3) Prolonged pregnancy (≥ 42 wk) 210 (0.3) 327 (0.2) 423 (0.2) 292 (0.3) 0 (0.2) 6 (0.1) 9 (0.1) 11 (0.1) Birth weight, g, mean ± SD 3329 ± 578 3333 ± 563 3327 ± 570 3285 ± 598 2979 ± 816 3047 ± 758 3036 ± 778 3000 ± 746 Median (IQR) 3352 (3020–3680) 3358 (3030–3680) 3350 (3020–3680) 3320 (2974–3653) 3110 (2571–3498) 3160 (2685–3540) 3150 (2658–3550) 3100 (2610–3500) Birth weight category, kg < 2.5 5363 (7.0) 10008 (6.8) 12 759 (7.2) 9049 (8.7) 172 (26.5) 1011 (25.3) 2613 (26.8) 3262 (27.5) 2.5–4.0 61573 (80.3) 119839 (81.3) 142046 (80.5) 81875 (78.6) 442 (68.0) 2744 (68.6) 6522 (66.9) 8059 (67.9) > 4.0 6877 (9.0) 12964 (8.8) 15482 (8.8) 8384 (8.1) 36 (5.5) 233 (5.8) 573 (5.9) 526 (4.4) Missing 1654 (2.2) 1607 (1.1) 1491 (0.8) 1052 (1.0) 0 (0) 12 (0) 39 (0.4) 26 (0.2) Neonatal ICU stay 7436 (9.7) 13578 (9.2) 16116 (9.1) 10806 (10.4) 146 (22.5) 965 (24.1) 2407 (24.7) 3133 (26.4) Congenital malformation 300 (0.4) 355 (0.2) 437 (0.3) 318 (0.3) 11 (1.7) 13 (0.3) 37 (0.4) 73 (0.6) Note: ICU = intensive care unit, IQR = interquartile range, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Interaction term of age (< 25 yr as reference) by group (non-AHR as reference) was significant at 0.05 in adjusted generalized estimating equation models (Wald Test) for cesarean delivery, preterm delivery (< 37 wk), birth weight < 2.5 kg, birth weight 2.5–4.0 kg and congenital malformations.
↵† Unless indicated otherwise.
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