Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1:
Flow diagram showing selection of case and control subjects. Only those who travelled to malaria-endemic areas to visit friends and relatives, for tourism or for business were included in the multivariable analysis; those who were excluded because of missing information did not have the purpose of travel specified in their malaria history form. False-positive cases were discrepant cases that were confirmed by negative results on polymerase chain reaction testing.
- Figure 2:
Average annual incidence of malaria in the Calgary area from 2013 to 2017 by municipal ward boundaries based on the 2016 Canadian census. (3) The locations for ward boundaries and population information were obtained from the City of Calgary (Open Calgary, open data source). Most immigrants from malaria-endemic countries reside in the northeast of the city.
- Figure 3:
Proportions within the 2 traveller groups with travel duration longer than 2 weeks who sought pretravel advice and who took prophylaxis. p values for difference between the 2 traveller groups (χ2 test).
Tables
- Table 1:
Characteristics of travellers returning to Calgary from malaria-endemic areas stratified by malaria status, 2013–2017
Characteristic Malaria; no. (%) of travellers* p value† No (controls)
n = 1129Yes (cases)
n = 219Male gender 579 (51.3) 142 (64.8) < 0.001 Age, yr, mean ± SD 34.80 ± 21.05 32.59 ± 18.01 0.1 Reason for travel‡ Business 59 (6.3) 10 (5.6) < 0.001 New immigrant 96 (10.3) 49 (27.7) < 0.001 Tourism 325 (34.9) 16 (9.0) < 0.001 Visiting friends and relatives 433 (46.6) 88 (49.7) < 0.001 Visitor 17 (1.8) 14 (7.9) 0.6 Missing 199/1129 (17.6) 42/219 (19.2) – Continent visited‡ Africa 313 (32.5) 145 (79.7) < 0.001 North/South America 175 (18.2) 5 (2.7) < 0.001 Asia 469 (48.7) 31 (17.0) < 0.001 Europe 2 (0.2) 0 (0.0) 0.2 Oceania 4 (0.4) 1 (0.5) 0.2 Missing 166/1129 (14.7) 37/219 (16.9) – Obtained pretravel advice‡ < 0.001 Yes 278 (35.9) 29 (19.6) No 496 (64.1) 119 (80.4) Missing 355/1129 (31.4) 71/219 (32.4) – Took prophylaxis‡ 0.3 Yes 54 (25.2) 15 (18.3) No 160 (74.8) 67 (81.7) Missing 915/1129 (81.0) 137/219 (62.6) – Symptom(s)‡ Fever 829 (86.0) 166 (91.7) 0.05 Night sweats 336 (34.8) 65 (35.9) 0.8 Headache 492 (51.0) 117 (64.6) 0.001 Sore throat 243 (25.2) 22 (12.2) < 0.001 Cough 323 (33.5) 44 (24.3) 0.02 Arthralgia/myalgia 342 (35.5) 77 (42.5) 0.08 Diarrhea 257 (26.7) 34 (18.8) 0.03 Splenomegaly 21 (2.2) 7 (3.9) 0.3 Missing 165/1129 (14.6) 38/219 (17.4) – Duration of stay,§ d, mean ± SD 48.98 ± 77.74 239.00 ± 665.62 < 0.001 Plasmodium species P. falciparum – 144 (65.8) – P. vivax – 54 (24.7) – P. ovale – 17 (7.8) – P. malariae – 4 (1.8) – - Table 2:
Odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals for multivariable regression analysis of case and control subjects for various exposure measures (n = 931*)
Variable OR (95% CI) Gender Female 1.00 Male 2.70 (1.56–4.80) Age group Children 1.00 Adults 3.62 (1.66–8.84) Reason for travel Tourism 1.00 Business 1.12 (0.35–3.26) Visiting friends and relatives 2.82 (1.42–5.92) Continent visited Other 1.00 Africa 11.52 (6.33–22.05) Obtained pretravel advice No 1.00 Yes 0.38 (0.20–0.70) Travel duration > 2 wk No 1.00 Yes 1.40 (0.60–3.67) Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio.
↵* After exclusions (see Figure 1).
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