Gender and academic promotion of Canadian general surgeons: a cross-sectional study

Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine (Gawad, Tran, Martel, Allen, Manhas, Balaa), The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Baxter), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine (Gawad, Tran, Martel, Allen, Manhas, Balaa), The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Baxter), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine (Gawad, Tran, Martel, Allen, Manhas, Balaa), The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Baxter), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine (Gawad, Tran, Martel, Allen, Manhas, Balaa), The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Baxter), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine (Gawad, Tran, Martel, Allen, Manhas, Balaa), The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Baxter), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine (Gawad, Tran, Martel, Allen, Manhas, Balaa), The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Baxter), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine (Gawad, Tran, Martel, Allen, Manhas, Balaa), The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Baxter), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.