Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1:
Risk of self-inflicted injury (self-harm or suicide) and injury inflicted by others (assault or homicide), by duration of residence and by refugee status, restricted to immigrants to Canada. Note: Relative risks (RRs) are adjusted for maternal age and parity. CI = confidence interval.
- Figure 2:
Risks of (A) self-inflicted injury (self-harm or suicide) and (B) injury inflicted by others (assault or homicide) among immigrant women, comparing those from 19 different countries to women from India. Note: Hazard ratios (HRs) are adjusted for maternal age, parity, duration of residence and refugee status. CI = confidence interval.
Tables
- Table 1:
Baseline characteristics of immigrant and nonimmigrant women who gave birth in Ontario during the study period
Characteristic No. (%) of women* Immigrants
n = 327 279Nonimmigrants
n = 942 502Demographic Age, mean ± SD, yr 30.5 ± 5.2 29.7 ± 5.6 Primiparous 141 131 (43.1) 435 940 (46.3) Lowest neighbourhood income quintile 112 624 (34.4) 175 588 (18.6) Maternal morbidity within 2 yr before the index birth Diabetes mellitus before or in pregnancy 6445 (2.0) 16 057 (1.7) Hypertension before or in pregnancy 6276 (1.9) 26 657 (2.8) Health care resource utilization bands 4 and 5 (highest) 233 840 (71.4) 638 345 (67.7) Psychiatric morbidity within 2 yr before the index birth Mood disorder 7372 (2.3) 46 849 (5.0) Psychotic disorder 680 (0.2) 2929 (0.3) Substance or alcohol use disorder 1613 (0.5) 24 966 (2.6) Primary care physician visit for a psychiatric disorder 75 978 (23.2) 271 515 (28.8) Psychiatrist visit 5518 (1.7) 34 413 (3.7) Psychiatric hospital admission 532 (0.2) 4358 (0.5) Deliberate self-harm 2588 (0.8) 20 396 (2.2) Obstetrical and perinatal indicators at the index birth Preterm birth < 37 wk gestation 21 594 (6.6) 68 637 (7.3) Birth weight, mean ± SD, g 3282 ± 557 3410 ± 584 Cesarean delivery 92 094 (28.1) 258 841 (27.5) Neonatal morbidity Respiratory distress syndrome 3724 (1.1) 14 216 (1.5) Seizure 949 (0.3) 3583 (0.4) Sepsis 4144 (1.3) 14 094 (1.5) Intraventricular hemorrhage 1745 (0.5) 5490 (0.6) Persistent fetal circulation 893 (0.3) 3172 (0.3) Congenital/neonatal infection 1219 (0.4) 1219 (0.4) Neonatal intensive care unit admission 45 976 (14.0) 121 434 (12.9) Infant mortality < 365 d of the index birth, no. (rate) 1227 (3.8 per 1000) 3276 (3.5 per 1000) Note: SD = standard deviation.
↵* Unless specified otherwise.
- Table 2:
Risk of self-inflicted injury (self-harm or suicide) and injury inflicted by others (assault or homicide), comparing 327 279 immigrant women and 942 502 nonimmigrant women who gave birth in Ontario during the study period
Variable Self-inflicted injury Injury inflicted by others No. with the outcome (rate per 1000 births) Crude RR (95% CI) Adjusted RR* (95% CI) No. with the outcome (rate per 1000 births) Crude RR (95% CI) Adjusted RR* (95% CI) Nonimmigrant status 1199 (1.27) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 2710 (2.88) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) Immigrant status 240 (0.73) 0.58 (0.50–0.67) 0.91 (0.78–1.04) 360 (1.10) 0.38 (0.34–0.43) 0.57 (0.51–0.64) Maternal age, yr 0.86 (0.85–0.87) 0.81 (0.80–0.81) No. of previous births 1.44 (1.39–1.51) 1.64 (1.59–1.68) Maternal income quintile 1, 2 or 3 (lower) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 4 or 5 (higher) 0.86 (0.76–0.98) 0.61 (0.56–0.68) Resource utilization band 1, 2 or 3 (lower) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 4 or 5 (higher) 0.88 (0.79–0.98) 1.04 (0.96–1.12) Prior maternal psychiatric diagnosis No 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) Yes 7.01 (6.25–7.86) 3.55 (3.26–3.86) Note: CI = confidence interval, RR = relative risk.
↵* Adjusted for maternal age, parity, income quintile, resource utilization band and prior maternal psychiatric diagnosis.
In this issue
Article tools
