Assessment of the burden of diseases and injuries attributable to risk factors in Canada from 1990 to 2016: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study

Samiah Alam; Justin J. Lang; Aaron M. Drucker; Carolyn Gotay; Nicole Kozloff; Kedar Mate; Scott B. Patten; Heather M. Orpana; Ashkan Afshin; Leah E. Cahill

doi:10.9778/cmajo.20180137

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Figure 1:
Simplified analytical flowchart outlining the 7 steps of the comparative risk assessment for the estimation of population attributable fractions by geography, age, sex and year. Note: DALYs = disability-adjusted life years, PAFs = population attributable fractions, TMREL = theoretical minimum risk exposure level, YLDs = years lived with disability, YLLs = years of life lost.
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Figure 2:
Burden of disease attributable to leading risk factors for all Canadians in 2016 expressed as a percentage of (A) disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), (B) deaths and C) years lived with disability (YLDs). One DALY is equivalent to 1 year of healthy life (free of disease, injury or disability) that has been lost. The negative percentage for alcohol is the protective effect of mild alcohol use on risk of cardiometabolic disease.
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Figure 3:
(A) Rank changes in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to leading risk factors and percentage change in all-age and age-standardized DALY rates in Canada from 1990 to 2016; 1 DALY is equivalent to 1 year of healthy life (free of disease, injury or disability) that has been lost. (B) Rank changes in total deaths attributable to leading risk factors and percentage change in all-age and age-standardized death rates in Canada between 1990 and 2016. (C) Rank changes in years lived with disability (YLDs) attributable to leading risk factors and percentage change in all-age and age-standardized years lived with disability rates in Canada between 1990 and 2016.
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Figure 4:
Drivers of percentage changes in Canada’s risk-attributable disease and injury burden from 2006 to 2016 due to population growth, population aging, risk-deleted mortality and exposure to risk factors expressed as (A) disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for all ages, (B) deaths for all ages and (C) DALYs by age group. One DALY is equivalent to 1 year of healthy life (free of disease, injury or disability) that has been lost.