Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1:
Number of series of pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis vaccine administered, by type, and number of pretravel visits, 2006–2014. Note: ID = intradermal, IM = intramuscular.
Tables
- Table 1:
Demographic and travel characteristics of people who presented for pretravel assessment between December 2008 and December 2014, according to pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis coverage
Characteristic No. of travellers (% of category)* Standardized difference (95% CI) Pre-exposure prophylaxis
n = 1721No pre-exposure prophylaxis
n = 35 311Age, mean ± SD; yr 35.77 ± 15.14 32.07 ± 18.20 0.205 (0.156 to 0.253) Age, yr 0.190 (0.142 to 0.238) < 18 94 (1.5) 6286 (98.5) 18–40 1044 (5.3) 18 673 (94.7) 41–60 470 (5.9) 7502 (94.1) > 60 113 (3.8) 2835 (96.2) Missing 0 (0.0) 15 (0.04) Sex −0.023 (−0.071 to 0.026) Female 941 (4.7) 18 898 (95.2) Male 780 (4.5) 16 392 (95.4) Missing 0 (0.0) 21 (0.1) Travel duration, mean ± SD; wk 16.67 ± 22.81 5.18 ± 11.41 0.944 (0.893 to 0.996) Travel duration, wk 1.118 (1.066 to 1.169) ≤ 4 602 (2.4) 24 641 (97.6) 5–12 385 (6.8) 5261 (93.2) 13–24 253 (14.2) 1525 (85.8) 25–52 248 (21.7) 894 (78.3) > 52 72 (27.0) 195 (73.0) Missing 161 (9.4) 2795 (7.9) Continent 0.449 (0.398 to 0.499) Africa 274 (3.9) 6684 (96.1) Americas 328 (2.0) 15 696 (98.0) Asia 981 (8.9) 10 041 (91.1) Europe 14 (3.2) 428 (96.8) Missing 124 (7.2) 2462 (7.0) Reason for travel 0.027 (−0.023 to 0.077) Tourism 1103 (4.2) 25 391 (95.8) Work/business 183 (6.4) 2665 (93.6) Education/research 56 (5.5) 964 (94.5) Volunteer/aid work 255 (10.1) 2268 (89.9) Visiting friends and relatives 2 (0.2) 992 (99.8) Adoption 0 (0.0) 93 (100.0) Missing 122 (7.1) 2938 (8.3) No. of travellers in group 0.092 (0.041 to 0.142) 1 412 (7.4) 5158 (92.6) 2 636 (5.1) 11 828 (94.9) ≥ 3 552 (3.4) 15 763 (96.6) Missing 121 (7.0) 2562 (7.2) Note: CI = confidence interval, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Except where noted otherwise.
- Table 2:
Univariate and multivariate analyses of demographic and travel characteristics of travellers who received pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis compared to those who did not
Variable OR (95% CI) Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis Age, per year of age 1.011 (1.008 to 1.014) 1.015 (1.012 to 1.018) Female sex 1.046 (0.950 to 1.153) 1.082 (0.969 to 1.209) Travel duration, per week of travel 1.032 (1.030 to 1.035) 1.028 (1.026 to 1.031) Continent Africa 1.000 1.000 Americas 0.510 (0.433 to 0.600) 0.613 (0.512 to 0.734) Asia 2.383 (2.077 to 2.734) 3.029 (2.585 to 3.549) Europe 0.798 (0.462 to 1.377) 0.867 (0.487 to 1.542) Reason for travel Tourism 1.000 1.000 Work/business 1.581 (1.345 to 1.858) 1.061 (0.877 to 1.282) Education/research 1.337 (1.015 to 1.762) 1.386 (1.015 to 1.894) Volunteer/aid work 2.588 (2.244 to 2.986) 3.906 (3.263 to 4.675) Adoption* – – Visiting friends and relatives 0.046 (0.120 to 0.186) 0.030 (0.004 to 0.213) No. of travellers in group 1 1.000 1.000 2 0.673 (0.592 to 0.765) 0.994 (0.857 to 1.153) ≥ 3 0.438 (0.384 to 0.500) 0.641 (0.552 to 0.745) Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio.
↵* No person travelling for adoption received pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis.
- Table 3:
Demographic and travel characteristics according to route of vaccine administration
Variable Route; no. of travellers (% of category)* Standardized difference (95% CI) Intradermal
n = 941Intramuscular
n = 780Age, mean ± SD; yr 34.60 ± 15.15 37.18 ± 15.02 −0.171 (−0.266 to −0.076) Age, yr −0.121 (−0.216 to −0.026) < 18 60 (63.8) 34 (36.2) 18–40 581 (55.6) 463 (44.3) 41–60 246 (52.3) 224 (47.6) > 60 54 (47.8) 59 (52.2) Sex −0.097 (−0.191 to −0.002) Female 535 (56.8) 406 (43.1) Male 406 (52.0) 374 (47.9) Travel duration, mean ± SD; wk 16.85 ± 19.70 16.44 ± 26.20 0.018 (−0.082 to 0.117) Travel duration, wk 0.153 (0.053 to 0.253) ≤ 4 302 (50.2) 300 (49.8) 5–12 208 (54.0) 177 (46.0) 13–24 169 (66.8) 84 (33.2) 25–52 156 (62.9) 92 (37.1) > 52 32 (44.4) 40 (55.6) Missing 74 (7.9) 87 (11.2) Continent 0.274 (0.174 to 0.373) Africa 129 (47.1) 145 (52.9) Americas 145 (44.2) 183 (55.8) Asia 610 (62.2) 371 (37.8) Europe 6 (42.8) 8 (57.1) Missing 51 (5.4) 73 (9.4) Reason for travel −0.361 (−0.460 to −0.262) Tourism 696 (63.1) 407 (36.9) Work/business 40 (21.8) 143 (78.1) Education/research 38 (67.8) 18 (32.1) Volunteer/aid work 101 (39.6) 154 (60.4) Visiting friends and relatives 0 (0.0) 2 (100.0) Missing 66 (7.0) 56 (7.2) No. of travellers in group −0.166 (−0.264 to −0.067) 1 212 (51.4) 200 (48.5) 2 388 (61.0) 248 (39.0) ≥ 3 285 (51.6) 267 (48.4) Missing 56 (6.0) 65 (8.3) Note: CI = confidence interval, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Except where noted otherwise.
- Table 4:
Univariate and multivariate analyses of demographic and travel characteristics of travellers who received intradermal vaccination compared to those who received intramuscular vaccination
Variable OR (95% CI) Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis Age, per year of age 0.989 (0.983 to 0.995) 0.986 (0.979 to 0.993) Female sex 1.214 (1.003 to 1.469) 1.069 (0.857 to 1.577) Travel duration, per week of travel 1.001 (0.996 to 1.005) 1.004 (0.999 to 1.009) Continent Africa 1.000 1.000 Americas 0.891 (0.645 to 1.229) 0.834 (0.584 to 1.193) Asia 1.848 (1.411 to 2.421) 1.258 (0.907 to 1.743) Europe 0.843 (0.285 to 2.494) 0.396 (0.123 to 1.274) Reason for travel Tourism 1.000 1.000 Work/business 0.164 (0.113 to 0.237) 0.185 (0.123 to 0.279) Education/research 1.235 (0.695 to 2.192) 0.909 (0.496 to 1.663) Volunteer/aid work 0.384 (0.290 to 0.507) 0.444 (0.313 to 0.629) Visiting friends and relatives* – – No. of travellers in group 1 1.000 1.000 2 1.476 (1.149 to 1.896) 1.183 (0.887 to 1.577) ≥ 3 1.007 (0.780 to 1.300) 1.281 (0.953 to 1.723) Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio.
↵* Only 2 people in this category received pre-exposure prophylaxis, both intramuscularly.
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