Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1
Physical health (A) and mental health (B) of selected health care workers in nursing homes, and physical health (C) and mental health (D) of selected health care workers in pediatric hospitals. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Note: allied = allied health care providers, LPN = licensed practical nurses, MD = mean difference (mean for reference minus mean for comparison), RN = registered nurse, SF-8 = 8-item Short Form Health Survey.
- Figure 2
Physical health (A) and mental health (B) of registered nurses (RNs), allied health care providers (allied) and managers in nursing homes and pediatric hospitals. Error bars reflect 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Note: MD = mean difference (mean for nursing homes minus mean for pediatric hospitals), SF-8 = 8-item Short Form Health Survey.
Tables
Characteristic No. (%) of participants* Physicians PH
n = 63Registered nurses NH
n = 169Registered nurses PH
n = 747Licensed practical nurses NH
n = 139Care aides NH
n = 1506Allied health care providers NH
n = 145Allied health care providers PH
n = 155Educators PH
n = 49Managers NH
n = 69Managers PH
n = 22Age, yr < 25 0 (0.0) 6 (3.6) 61 (8.2) 3 (2.2) 83 (5.5) 11 (7.6) 3 (1.9) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 25-34 15 (23.8) 13 (7.7) 323 (43.2) 23 (16.5) 251 (16.7) 31 (21.4) 62 (40.0) 14 (28.6) 5 (7.2) 3 (13.6) 35-44 20 (31.7) 40 (23.7) 145 (19.4) 43 (30.9) 409 (27.2) 35 (24.1) 49 (31.6) 17 (34.7) 20 (29.0) 7 (31.8) 45-54 14 (22.2) 47 (27.8) 156 (20.9) 42 (30.2) 471 (31.3) 46 (31.7) 32 (20.6) 15 (30.6) 20 (29.0) 9 (40.9) 55-65 12 (19.0) 48 (28.4) 58 (7.8) 26 (18.7) 270 (17.9) 20 (13.8) 9 (5.8) 3 (6.1) 24 (34.8) 3 (13.6) > 65 2 (3.2) 15 (8.9) 3 (0.4) 0 (0.0) 21 (1.4) 2 (1.4) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Missing 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.1) 2 (1.4) 1 (0.1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) p(NH v. PH)† - - < 0.001 - - - 0.001 - - 0.2 Sex Male 30 (47.6) 14 (8.3) 43 (5.8) 11 (7.9) 105 (7.0) 17 (11.7) 21 (13.5) 5 (10.2) 5 (7.2) 1 (4.5) Female 33 (52.4) 152 (89.9) 703 (94.1) 126 (90.6) 1399 (92.9) 118 (81.4) 134 (86.5) 43 (87.8) 62 (89.8) 21 (95.4) Missing 0 (0.0) 3 (1.8) 1 (0.1) 2 (1.4) 2 (0.1) 10 (6.9) 0 (0.0) 1 (2.0) 2 (2.9) 0 (0.0) p(NH v. PH)† - - 0.2 - - - 0.8 - - 0.6 Highest education High school diploma or less 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 244 (16.2) 7 (4.8) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Health care assistant certificate 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1259 (83.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Diploma/certificate 0 (0.0) 111 (65.7) 223 (29.8) 126 (90.6) 0 (0.0) 55 (37.9) 28 (18.1) 3 (6.1) 29 (42.0) 4 (18.2) Bachelor's degree or higher 63 (100.0) 58 (34.3) 522 (69.9) 12 (8.6) 0 (0.0) 83 (57.2) 127 (81.9) 46 (93.9) 40 (58.0) 18 (81.8) Missing 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (0.3) 1 (0.7) 3 (0.2) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) p(NH v. PH)† - - < 0.001 - - - < 0.001 - - 0.1 Job experience, mean ± SD Years worked on unit/in facility 13.7 ± 10.9 6.0 ± 6.3 13.4 ± 10.1 4.6 ± 4.7 5.5 ± 6.3 6.3 ± 7 12.1 ± 8.0 15.3 ± 9.9 7.8 ± 7.8 17.7 ± 10.8 p(NH v. PH)‡ - - < 0.001 - - - < 0.001 - - 0.001 Years worked in current role 19.4 ± 12.1 11.7 ± 10.8 14.1 ± 10.9 11.7 ± 11.1 10.9 ± 8.9 8.0 ± 7.6 16.9 ± 9.8 20.0 ± 12.4 7.1 ± 7.6 8.7 ± 6.1 p(NH v. PH) ‡ - - 0.01 - - - < 0.001 - - 0.4 Clinical specialty Critical care 22 (34.9) 0 (0.0) 319 (42.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 80 (51.6) 21 (42.8) 0 (0.0) 12 (54.5) Medical 17 (27.0) 0 (0.0) 283 (37.9) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 40 (25.8) 16 (32.6) 0 (0.0) 6 (27.3) Surgical 24 (38.1) 0 (0.0) 145 (19.4) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 35 (22.6) 12 (24.5) 0 (0.0) 4 (18.2) Province British Columbia 10 (15.9) 0 (0.0) 129 (17.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 46 (29.7) 8 (16.3) 0 (0.0) 4 (18.2) Alberta 8 (12.7) 72 (42.6) 69 (9.2) 71 (51.1) 837 (55.6) 93 (64.1) 9 (5.8) 0 (0.0) 26 (37.7) 5 (22.7) Saskatchewan 0 (0.0) 53 (31.4) 0 (0.0) 18 (12.9) 333 (22.1) 14 (9.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 12 (17.4) 0 (0.0) Manitoba 16 (25.4) 44 (26.0) 80 (10.7) 50 (36.0) 336 (22.3) 38 (26.2) 20 (12.9) 5 (10.2) 31 (44.9) 2 (9.1) Ontario 3 (4.8) 0 (0.0) 217 (29.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 24 (15.5) 13 (26.5) 0 (0.0) 2 (9.1) Quebec 9 (14.3) 0 (0.0) 145 (19.4) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 18 (11.6) 11 (22.4) 0 (0.0) 4 (18.2) Nova Scotia 17 (27.0) 0 (0.0) 107 (14.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 38 (24.5) 12 (24.5) 0 (0.0) 5 (22.7) Note: NH = nursing home, PH = pediatric hospital, SD = standard deviation.
*Except where noted otherwise.
†Based on a 2-tailed Fisher exact test.
‡Based on a 2-tailed t test for independent samples.
Domain Physicians PH Registered nurses NH Registered nurses PH Licensed practical nurses NH Care aides NH Allied health care providers NH Allied health care providers PH Educators PH Managers NH Managers PH General health n = 62 n = 168 n = 745 n = 139 n = 1502 n = 144 n = 155 n = 49 n = 69 n = 22 Mean ± SD 54.6 ± 5.4 48.0 ± 6.7 50.1± 7.4 51 ± 6.4 50.2 ± 7.5 51.8 ± 7.5 48.8 ± 8.6 51 ± 5.7 50.3 ± 5.8 55.5 ± 5.1 95% CI 53.8-55.4 47.0-49.0 49.5-50.7 49.8-52.2 49.8-50.6 50.7-53.0 47.6-50.0 48.9-53.1 48.2-52.3 52.0-59.1 Ceiling, %† 29.0 15.5 13.2 20.1 16.0 18.1 18.1 16.3 27.5 36.4 Physical functioning n = 62 n = 168 n = 745 n = 139 n = 1503 n = 145 n = 155 n = 49 n = 69 n = 22 Mean ± SD 52.8 ± 3.4 49.4 ± 5.7 49.3 ± 6.3 49.5 ± 5.4 49.0 ± 7.1 50.9 ± 5.1 49.9 ± 5.7 49.5 ± 5.3 50.5 ± 5.5 52.9 ± 3.0 95% CI 52.3-53.3 48.6-50.2 48.9-49.8 48.6-50.5 48.6-49.4 50.2-51.7 49.1-50.7 47.6-51.4 48.5-52.5 50.8-55.0 Ceiling, % 79.0 53.6 50.1 53.2 47.3 53.8 52.9 49.0 65.2 77.3 Role - physical n = 62 n = 168 n = 744 n = 139 n = 1502 n = 142 n = 155 n = 49 n = 68 n = 22 Mean ± SD 52.1 ± 4.8 49.1 ± 6.0 50.1 ± 6.1 48.5 ± 6.2 48.4 ± 7.7 50.9 ± 5.8 48.2 ± 7.0 50.0 ± 4.8 50.7 ± 5.7 53.8 ± 1.1 95% CI 51.3-52.8 48.3-50.0 49.7-50.6 47.4-49.6 48.0-48.8 50.0-51.7 47.2-49.2 48.3-51.8 48.6-52.7 53.0-54.6 Ceiling, % 74.2 57.7 55.2 57.6 50.3 58.5 58.1 59.2 66.2 95.5 Bodily pain n = 62 n = 164 n = 745 n = 138 n = 1503 n = 141 n = 155 n = 49 n = 69 n = 22 Mean ± SD 55.9 ± 5.4 47.6 ± 7.7 50.7 ± 7.1 49.7 ± 5.7 50.2 ± 8.2 53.4 ± 7.9 52.4 ± 6.9 50.9 ± 6.5 53.2 ± 6.4 51.6 ± 7.3 95% CI 55.1-56.7 46.5-48.7 50.2-51.3 48.6-50.7 49.8-50.6 52.2-54.6 51.4-53.3 48.5-53.2 50.9-55.5 46.5-56.6 Ceiling. % 45.2 22.0 19.9 16.7 22.4 24.8 22.6 20.4 30.4 31.8 Vitality n = 62 n = 169 n = 745 n = 139 n = 1502 n = 143 n = 155 n = 49 n = 68 n = 22 Mean ± SD 54.1 ± 5.5 50.8 ± 7.3 52.3 ± 7.1 50.3 ± 7.6 53.8 ± 7.5 53.2 ± 6.3 48.4 ± 9.1 51.0 ± 6.3 55.5 ± 6.5 53.5 ± 5.6 95% CI 53.2-54.9 49.8-51.8 51.7-52.9 48.9-51.7 53.4-54.2 52.2-54.1 47.1-49.6 48.7-53.3 53.2-57.9 49.6-57.5 Ceiling. % 12.9 17.8 7.4 16.5 27.8 10.5 7.7 4.1 11.8 13.6 Social functioning n = 62 n = 166 n = 744 n = 137 n = 1502 n = 142 n = 155 n = 49 n = 69 n = 22 Mean ± SD 52.3 ± 5.2 47.2 ± 6.9 48.1 ± 6.9 46.3 ± 7.0 47.3 ± 8.8 49.6 ± 6.9 48.5 ± 5.2 50.0 ± 5.1 49.8 ± 7.3 51.9 ± 6.5 95% CI 51.5-53.0 46.2-48.2 47.6-48.7 45.0-47.6 46.9-47.8 48.5-50.6 47.7-49.2 48.2-51.9 47.2-52.5 47.3-56.4 Ceiling, % 46.8 39.2 27.6 35.8 37.1 33.1 34.2 30.6 42.0 59.1 Role - emotional n = 62 n = 169 n = 744 n = 135 n = 1505 n = 141 n = 155 n = 49 n = 69 n = 22 Mean ± SD 50.2 ± 3.7 46.5 ± 6.1 47.4 ± 5.8 47.3 ± 4.8 47.2 ± 6.8 46.6 ± 5.5 46.5 ± 6.4 44.7 ± 6.0 49.0 ± 5.1 50.8 ± 3.8 95% CI 49.6-50.8 45.7-47.4 47.0-47.9 46.4-48.2 49.7-50.6 45.8-47.4 45.6-47.4 42.1-46.9 47.2-50.9 48.1-53.5 Ceiling, % 59.7 56.8 45.2 51.9 51.8 48.9 52.3 42.9 68.1 72.7 Mental health n = 62 n = 168 n = 745 n = 138 n = 1504 n = 143 n = 155 n = 49 n = 69 n = 22 Mean ± SD 52.9 ± 4.7 47.5 ± 8.1 49.5 ± 7.2 47.4 ± 7.2 50.1 ± 8.3 47.8 ± 7.3 50.6 ± 6.2 47.9 ± 6.3 50.0 ± 6.0 49.8 ± 8.9 95% CI 52.2-53.6 46.1-48.6 48.9-50.1 46.0-48.7 46.8-47.5 46.7-48.9 49.7-51.5 45.6-50.1 47.8-52.1 43.6-56.0 Ceiling, % 32.3 35.1 28.5 34.8 41.3 30.8 29.0 28.6 42.0 31.8 Note: CI = confidence interval, NH = nursing home, PH = pediatric hospital, SD = standard deviation, SF-8 = 8-item Short Form Health Survey.
*Number of participants may differ from sample size reported in Table 2 owing to missing data.
†Proportion of participants who selected the response category representing the best possible health status.
- Table 3: Comparison of age- and sex-adjusted SF-8 subscores among registered nurses, allied health care providers and managers working in nursing homes and pediatric hospitals
Domain Mean difference* (95% CI)† Registered nurses Allied health care providers Managers General health -3.2 (-5.0 to -1.4) 2.8 (0.6 to 5.0) -5.9 (-13.2 to 1.4) Physical functioning 0.0 (-1.5 to 1.4) 0.9 (-0.8 to 2.7) -2.7 (-8.6 to 3.1) Role - physical -1.3 (-2.8 to 0.2) 1.8 (0.0 to 3.7) -3.3 (-9.3 to 2.7) Bodily pain -2.6 (-4.3 to -0.8) 1.1 (-1.1 to 3.3) 2.0 (-5.0 to 9.1) Vitality -2.8 (-4.5 to -1.0) 4.6 (2.4 to 6.8) 1.4 (-5.7 to 8.5) Social functioning -2.0 (-3.6 to -0.4) 1.0 (-1.0 to 3.0) -2.2 (-8.8 to 4.3) Role - emotional -1.6 (-3.1 to 0.2) -0.3 (-2.1 to 1.5) -1.7 (-7.5 to 4.1) Mental health -3.5 (-5.3 to -1.8) -2.6 (-4.8 to -0.5) -0.7 (-7.6 to 6.3) Note: CI = confidence interval, SF-8 = 8-item Short Form Health Survey.
*Mean for nursing home care minus mean for pediatric acute care.
†Based on general linear models, adjusted for age, sex, education and job experience, including Tukey-Kramer adjusted pairwise post hoc comparisons.
- Table 4: Age- and sex-adjusted SF-8 physical and mental component summary scores by care provider group and care setting, compared to age- and sex-adjusted SF-36 normative data21
Care provider group n† Physical component summary score Mental component summary score Mean ± SD 95% CI Mean difference‡ (95% CI)§ Mean ± SD 95% CI Mean difference‡ (95% CI)§ Normative data 9367 50.5 ± 9.0 50.3 to 50.7 - 51.7 ± 9.1 51.5 to 51.9 - Physicians PH 62 54.9 ± 5.3 54.1 to 55.7 4.4 (1.3 to 7.5)* 53.6 ± 5.5 52.7 to 54.4 1.9 (-1.3 to 5.1) Registered nurses NH 159 49.1 ± 7.3 48.0 to 50.2 -1.4 (-3.3 to 0.5) 47.1 ± 9.4 45.7 to 48.5 -4.6 (-6.6 to -2.6)* Registered nurses PH 740 50.9 ± 7.2 50.3 to 51.4 0.4 (-0.5 to 1.3) 49.7 ± 8.5 49.0 to 50.4 -2.0 (-3.0 to -1.0) Licensed practical nurses NH 131 50.5 ± 6.4 49.3 to 51.8 0.0 (2.1 to -2.1) 47.3 ± 8.5 45.7 to 48.9 -4.4 (-6.6 to -2.2)* Care aides NH 1490 49.7 ± 8.2 49.3 to 50.2 -0.8 (-1.5 to -0.1) 50.6 ± 9.3 50.1 to 51.1 -1.1 (-1.8 to -0.4) Allied health care providers NH 131 53.7 ± 7.4 52.5 to 54.8 3.2 (1.1 to 5.3)* 48.5 ± 8.3 47.2 to 49.8 -3.2 (-5.4 to -1.0)* Allied health care providers PH 155 49.7 ± 8.2 48.5 to 50.8 -0.8 (-2.8 to 1.2) 49.3 ± 7.6 48.2 to 50.4 -2.4 (-4.4 to 0.4) Educators PH 49 51.4 ± 5.6 49.4 to 53.4 0.9 (-2.6 to 4.4) 47.6 ± 7.7 44.8 to 55.4 -4.1 (-7.7 to 0.5) Managers NH 68 52.7 ± 7.0 50.1 to 55.2 2.2 (-0.8 to 5.2) 51.5 ± 7.2 48.9 to 54.1 -0.2 (-3.3 to 2.9) Managers PH 22 55.4 ± 4.0 52.6 to 58.2 4.9 (-0.3 to 10.1) 51.1 ± 9.0 44.9 to 57.4 -0.6 (-6.0 to 4.8) Note: CI = confidence interval, NH = nursing home, PH = pediatric hospital, SD = standard deviation, SF-8 = 8-item Short Form Health Survey, SF-36 = 36-item Short Form Health Survey. Bolded values indicate statistically significant results; bolded values with asterisk indicate results that are both statistically and clinically significant. For the SF surveys, minimum differences of 3-5 are generally considered clinically important.54-59
†Number of participants may differ from sample size reported in Table 2 owing to missing data.
‡Mean for health care worker group minus mean of normative data.
§Based on analyses of variance, including Dunnett-adjusted post hoc comparisons of each care provider group with normative data.
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