Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1
Hierarchy for selection of risk estimates used in this project. *Quality determined with the use of the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines for cohort and case-control studies and Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines for meta-analysis.
- Figure 2
Hierarchy for selection of exposure prevalence estimates. AHS = Alberta Health Services, CAREX = CARcinogen EXposure, a multi-institution research project dedicated to generating evidence-based carcinogen surveillance in Canada (www.carexcanada.ca). The Tomorrow Project is a large prospective cohort study being conducted in Alberta to study health outcomes including cancer. (11) The project, which began in 2000, is recruiting adults aged 35-69 who will be followed for up to 50 years.
- Figure 3
Proposed model of carcinogenesis related to the adverse exposure of interest. The measured latency period is referred to as the latency period for the purposes of estimating population attributable cancer risks in Alberta.
Tables
Paper no. Exposure Cancer types consistently associated with exposure 1 Active tobacco Lung Oral cavity and pharynx Esophagus Stomach Liver Pancreas Colorectum Larynx Cervix Ovary (mucinous) Urinary bladder Kidney Acute myeloid leukemia Passive tobacco Lung Oral cavity and pharynx Esophagus Larynx 2 High alcohol intake Mouth Pharynx Larynx Liver Colorectum Breast (pre- and postmenopausal) 3 Overweight/obesity (body mass index > 25 kg/m2) Breast (postmenopausal) Colorectum Esophagus (adenocarcinoma) Kidney Endometrium Gall bladder Pancreas 4 Physical inactivity Breast (postmenopausal) Colorectum Endometrium Lung Ovary Prostate 5 Low vegetable intake (nonstarchy) Oral cavity and pharynx Esophagus Stomach Larynx Low fruit intake Oral cavity and pharynx Esophagus Stomach Larynx Lung 6 High red meat intake Colorectum High processed meat intake Colorectum 7 Low fibre intake Colorectum 8 Low vitamin D Colorectum Breast High salt intake Stomach Low dietary calcium intake Colorectum 9 Hormone therapies Oral contraceptive use Breast Endometrium Ovary Hormone replacement therapy Breast Endometrium Ovary 10 Infectious agents Human papillomavirus Cervix Vagina Penis Anus Vulva Oropharynx Helicobacter pylori Stomach Epstein-Barr virus Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Hodgkin's lymphoma Burkitt's lymphoma Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Hepatitis B virus Liver Hepatitis C virus Liver 11 Ultraviolet radiation Melanoma 12 Radon Lung 13 Air pollution (fine particulate matter [PM2.5]) Lung - Table 2: Methods for the estimation of population attributable risk used for the individual exposures of interest in this series
Equation Exposure Equation 1: PAR = (Pe (RR - 1))/(1 + [Pe (RR - 1)]) Tobacco (passive)
Ultraviolet radiation
Disinfection by-products
Low vitamin D
High salt intake
Low dietary calcium intakeEquation 2: PAR = Pc ((RR - 1))/RR Helicobacter pylori
Epstein-Barr virus
Hepatitis B virus
Hepatitis C virusEquation 3: PAR = Pc Human papillomavirus for all cancer sites except cervix Equation 4: PAR = ((Pe1 × ERR1) + (Pe2 × ERR2) + … + (Pex × ERRx))/(1 + ((Pe1 × ERR1) + (Pe2 × ERR2) + … + (Pex × ERRx)) ) Tobacco (active)
Oral contraceptives
Hormone replacement therapy
Overweight/obesity
Low fruit and vegetable intake
Red/processed meat intake
High alcohol intake
Low dietary fibre intake
Physical activity/inactivityIndividualized methods Air pollution
Radon
Insufficient fruit and vegetable intake
Red/processed meat intake
Insufficient fibre intake
Alcohol consumption
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