Article Figures & Tables
Tables
- Table 1: Demographic characteristics of Canadians aged 50–74 years and exposure to cancer screening tests, as determined from Canadian Community Health Survey data for 2012
Jurisdiction; % of population Characteristic NL PEI NS NB QC ON MB SK AB BC Territories* Provinces with CRC screening programs† Provinces without CRC screening programs Canada Age, yr 50–54 17.7 22.9 21.2 24.7 25.8 26.7 25.9 26.9 25.1 27.6 30.3 26.3 25.8 26.0 55–59 25.8 22.4 29.0 19.9 23.6 23.5 24.7 23.1 27.6 21.8 28.9 23.9 23.8 23.8 60–64 25.2 25.6 19.7 24.1 21.1 22.3 21.2 22.7 21.7 21.7 21.7 22.1 21.7 21.9 65–69 20.8 17.9 16.7 19.4 16.5 16.2 14.9 15.4 16.5 17.4 14.0 16.1 17.0 16.6 70–74 10.5 11.2 13.5 11.8 13.1 11.4 13.3 11.9 9.2 11.5 5.2 11.7 11.7 11.7 Sex Male 47.6 48.5 47.5 48.0 49.5 48.7 48.0 47.5 48.2 48.8 51.0 48.5 48.9 48.7 Female 52.4 51.5 52.6 52.0 50.6 51.3 52.1 52.5 51.8 51.2 49.0 51.5 51.1 51.3 Income, $ < 20 000 12.3 8.0 10.5 10.2 11.0 7.4 9.0 8.4 4.4 9.8 9.0 9.5 7.7 8.6 20 000–39 000 24.7 27.3 25.7 28.0 24.5 18.2 15.6 17.3 13.8 19.8 14.3 21.4 18.5 20.0 40 000–59 999 19.3 17.3 16.6 21.3 19.8 20.1 19.3 16.9 19.4 20.8 12.1 20.0 19.6 19.8 60 000–79 999 13.8 16.2 15.8 15.0 15.4 16.2 19.0 15.2 12.4 14.5 14.4 14.6 16.3 15.4 ≥ 80 000 29.9 21.3 31.5 25.5 29.3 38.2 37.1 42.2 50.0 35.2 50.2 34.6 37.9 36.1 Missing data 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.04 0.03 FOBT < 2 yr Yes 20.4 42.3 37.7 19.7 14.5 35.8 51.7 32.5 38.1 31.3 25.8 36.9 23.9 30.1 Missing data 4.0 3.1 1.8 3.1 2.8 3.3 1.2 1.9 2.8 3.8 1.5 3.1 3.0 3.1 FS or colonoscopy < 10 yr Yes 34.8 35.8 28.2 35.4 33.6 43.3 33.4 35.8 36.7 31.1 26.6 41.2 33.7 37.2 Missing data 2.9 4.0 1.3 2.7 2.0 2.6 1.1 1.6 2.7 3.1 1.2 2.5 2.4 2.4 Either or both CRC screening tests Yes 46.0 62.1 51.5 47.3 43.4 64.1 67.2 52.8 59.5 49.6 41.3 62.8 48.4 55.2 Missing data 3.2 4.4 1.3 3.1 2.4 3.1 1.1 1.8 3.1 3.5 1.4 2.9 2.7 2.8 Mammogram < 2 yr Yes 78.5 72.0 76.3 73.8 78.5 79.1 78.8 74.4 77.9 76.2 68.7 78.7 77.5 78.0 Pap smear < 3 yr Yes 69.3 72.6 64.8 57.4 67.7 69.1 79.4 63.8 70.0 68.7 73.1 69.2 68.0 68.6 Note: AB = Alberta, BC = British Columbia, CRC = colorectal cancer, FOBT = fecal occult blood test, FS = flexible sigmoidoscopy, MB = Manitoba, NB = New Brunswick, NL = Newfoundland and Labrador, NS = Nova Scotia, ON = Ontario, PEI = Prince Edward Island, QC = Quebec, SK = Saskatchewan. *Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut. †Nova Scotia, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan.
Variable Screening test, % of patients FOBT FS or colonoscopy Either or both Within recommended age range (50–74 yr) 50–54 21.2 27.0 41.8 55–59 29.4 36.4 54.7 60–64 34.7 40.7 61.0 65–69 34.6 43.5 62.5 70–74 36.4 46.5 65.3 Male 30.0 37.6 54.9 Female 30.2 36.9 55.5 Outside recommended age range, yr 40–44 5.1 12.3 15.6 45–49 7.2 16.7 21.5 75–79 34.0 43.0 60.4 ≥ 80 23.4 36.8 49.7 Male 12.8 20.1 27.5 Female 11.3 22.3 28.6 *Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) within the preceding 2 years, or flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) or colonoscopy within the preceding 10 years.
- Table 3: Self-reported indications for flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy within preceding 10 years
Jurisdiction; % of respondents who had test Variable NL PEI NS NB QC ON MB SK AB BC Territories* Canada Age 50–74 yr Family history 30.9 19.6 17.8 23.3 18.5 15.4 13.1 18.5 18.5 20.0 24.9 17.5 Routine screening 23.8 23.6 36.2 33.5 35.0 55.6 36.1 36.7 43.5 36.3 41.6 45.0 Age 2.2 9.8 4.9 8.8 6.3 15.6 8.6 7.9 8.6 5.8 9.5 10.7 Follow-up of problem 45.9 56.4 46.9 43.1 35.6 28.5 38.3 37.7 30.7 38.7 28.9 33.1 Follow-up of CRC treatment 3.3 0.1 3.1 2.9 2.9 1.3 1.6 3.3 1.6 1.8 2.6 1.9 Age 40–49 yr Family history 48.3 13.4 18.4 44.0 17.0 28.4 32.3 32.8 23.9 28.6 30.6 25.8 Routine screening 17.1 0.0 14.5 11.3 14.0 27.5 14.2 4.5 10.2 12.6 19.5 18.4 Age 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 5.2 3.0 3.7 0.9 0.7 0.6 1..2 2.8 Follow-up of problem 35.6 86.6 72.5 47.3 56.6 48.2 50.9 62.8 47.4 64.1 50.0 52.6 Follow-up of CRC treatment 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.8 0.2 Age ≥ 74 yr Family history 11.1 12.5 12.1 15.1 9.5 7.7 10.4 16.2 8.6 10.4 12.1 9.3 Routine screening 21.2 30.7 30.8 34.3 45.3 57.7 38.9 33.5 50.0 43.8 53.4 49.2 Age 0.0 2.1 1.6 3.7 5.5 11.8 1.0 1.8 11.8 3.4 0.0 7.9 Follow-up of problem 65.8 56.2 49.2 50.8 34.8 33.5 44.9 51.4 29.7 38.7 28.9 36.6 Follow-up of CRC treatment 4.9 0.0 8.3 4.0 5.7 3.7 3.1 3.7 2.7 3.4 5.6 4.2 Note: AB = Alberta, BC = British Columbia, CRC = colorectal cancer, MB = Manitoba, NB = New Brunswick, NL = Newfoundland and Labrador, NS = Nova Scotia, ON = Ontario, PEI = Prince Edward Island, QC = Quebec, SK = Saskatchewan. *Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut.
- Table 4: Predictors of up-to-date CRC screening, stratified by provinces with and without CRC screening programs in 2012 (age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression analysis)
Variable % in Canada OR (95% CI) All provinces Provinces with
screening programs*Provinces without screening programs Education < Secondary school 17.2 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Secondary school graduation 18.7 1.38 (1.27–1.51) 1.43 (1.26–1.63) 1.27 (1.13–1.44) Some postsecondary school 4.2 1.31 (1.14–1.51) 1.79 (1.41–2.27) 1.13 (0.94–1.35) Postsecondary certification/
diploma or university59.9 1.50 (1.40–1.61) 1.62 (1.45–1.81) 1.38 (1.25–1.52) Income, $ < 20 000 8.6 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 20 000–39 000 20.0 1.08 (0.98–1.20) 1.10 (0.94–1.29) 1.07 (0.93–1.22) 40 000–59 999 19.8 1.31 (1.18–1.45) 1.30 (1.10–1.52) 1.28 (1.11–1.47) 60 000–79 999 15.4 1.37 (1.23–1.52) 1.44 (1.22–1.70) 1.22 (1.06–1.41) ≥ 80 000 36.1 1.85 (1.68–2.04) 1.97 (1.69–2.29) 1.65 (1.45–1.88) Marital status Married 65.4 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Common law 8.1 0.76 (0.69–0.84) 1.09 (0.92–1.28) 0.73 (0.65–0.82) Widowed/separated/divorced 18.5 0.71 (0.66–0.76) 0.71 (0.64–0.78) 0.72 (0.66–0.79) Single (never married) 8.0 0.63 (0.58–0.70) 0.78 (0.67–0.91) 0.60 (0.53–0.69) Obesity Underweight/normal 39.0 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Overweight 38.8 1.02 (0.95–1.10) 1.00 (0.90–1.11) 1.05 (0.96–1.15) Obese 22.2 0.80 (0.75–0.86) 0.77 (0.69–0.85) 0.85 (0.78–0.93) Smoking status Daily 18.7 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Occasional/former 50.0 1.95 (1.82–2.09) 2.05 (1.85–2.28) 2.00 (1.82–2.20) Never smoked 31.3 1.67 (1.55–1.80) 1.54 (1.38–1.71) 1.73 (1.55–1.92) Diabetes No 87.9 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Yes 12.1 0.98 (0.91–1.06) 0.83 (0.74–0.94) 1.10 (0.98–1.22) Physical examination No regular pattern 43.1 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) At least once annually 56.9 0.47 (0.44–0.50) 0.43 (0.40–0.47) 0.49 (0.46–0.53) Self-described general medical status Poor 4.0 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Fair 10.6 0.81 (0.70–0.95) 0.93 (0.75–1.16) 0.78 (0.62–0.97) Good 32.1 0.85 (0.73–0.98) 1.02 (0.83–1.24) 0.77 (0.63–0.95) Very good 35.8 0.87 (0.76–1.00) 1.16 (0.95–1.41) 0.71 (0.58–0.88) Excellent 17.4 0.84 (0.73–0.98) 1.12 (0.91–1.38) 0.70 (0.56–0.87) Restriction of activities Sometimes 19.6 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Often 14.6 0.95 (0.87–1.04) 0.97 (0.85–1.11) 0.91 (0.81–1.03) Never 65.8 0.84 (0.79–0.90) 0.99 (0.89–1.09) 0.71 (0.65–0.78) Pap test None or ≥ 3 yr 31.4 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) < 3 yr 68.6 1.86 (1.71–2.03) 2.29 (2.03–2.60) 1.58 (1.41–1.78) Mammogram None or ≥ 2 yr 22.0 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) < 2 yr 78.0 2.58 (2.35–2.82) 3.61 (3.15–4.13) 2.02 (1.78–2.29) Province Manitoba 3.3 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)‡ – Newfoundland and Labrador 1.7 0.38 (0.30–0.48) – 0.50 (0.33–0.75) Prince Edward Island 0.5 0.78 (0.52–1.16) – 1.00 (ref)‡ Nova Scotia 3.2 0.49 (0.40–0.60) 0.48 (0.39–0.59) – New Brunswick 2.6 0.42 (0.34–0.52) – 0.54 (0.36–0.80) Quebec 24.4 0.36 (0.31–0.42) – 0.46 (0.32–0.67) Ontario 38.3 0.87 (0.75–1.02) 0.87 (0.75–1.02) – Saskatchewan 2.7 0.54 (0.44–0.67) 0.53 (0.43–0.66) – Alberta 9.7 0.72 (0.61–0.85) – 0.92 (0.63–1.34) British Columbia 13.5 0.47 (0.40–0.55) – 0.61 (0.42–0.88) Territories† 0.2 0.36 (0.20–0.63) – 0.45 (0.23–0.88) Note: CI = confidence interval, CRC = colorectal cancer, ref = reference group. *Nova Scotia, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. †Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut. ‡Provinces with the highest rates of screening in the respective groups (Manitoba for those with screening programs and PEI for those without screening programs) were used as the reference groups.
- Table 5: Predictors of up-to-date CRC screening, overall and stratified by provinces with and without CRC screening programs in 2012 (multivariable logistic regression analysis)
OR (95% CI) Variable All provinces Provinces with screening programs* Provinces without screening programs Age, yr 50–54 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 55–59 1.70 (1.57–1.84) 1.78 (1.59–2.00) 1.64 (1.47–1.83) 60–64 2.21 (2.03–2.40) 2.67 (2.35–3.03) 1.92 (1.72–2.16) 65–69 2.33 (2.12–2.56) 2.97 (2.57–3.43) 1.96 (1.72–2.22) 70–74 2.67 (2.40–2.98) 3.08 (2.61–3.64) 2.37 (2.05–2.74) Sex Female 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Male 1.02 (0.96–1.09) 0.91 (0.83–0.99) 1.12 (1.04–1.22) Income, $ < 20 000 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 20 000–39 000 1.01 (0.90–1.15) 1.07 (0.89–1.30) 0.99 (0.84–1.16) 40 000–59 999 1.17 (1.04–1.33) 1.25 (1.03–1.52) 1.15 (0.98–1.36) 60 000–79 999 1.11 (0.98–1.27) 1.33 (1.09–1.62) 1.01 (0.85–1.20) ≥ 80 000 1.50 (1.33–1.70) 1.75 (1.45–2.12) 1.38 (1.17–1.62) Marital status Married 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Common-law 0.84 (0.76–0.94) 1.16 (0.97–1.40) 0.72 (0.64–0.82) Widowed/separated/divorced 0.90 (0.83–0.98) 0.96 (0.85–1.09) 0.86 (0.77–0.96) Single (never married) 0.94 (0.84–1.06) 1.23 (1.02–1.48) 0.80 (0.69–0.92) Obesity Underweight/normal 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Overweight 1.08 (1.00–1.17) 0.98 (0.87–1.10) 1.19 (1.07–1.33) Obese 0.89 (0.82–0.96) 0.83 (0.74–0.93) 0.94 (0.85–1.05) Smoking Daily 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Occasional/former 1.81 (1.67–1.96) 1.78 (1.58–2.01) 1.83 (1.64–2.03) Never smoked 1.55 (1.42–1.69) 1.42 (1.25–1.61) 1.66 (1.47–1.88) Diabetes No 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Yes 0.91(0.83–1.01) 0.79(0.69–0.91) 1.01(0.89–1.15) Physical examination No regular pattern 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) At least once annually 0.47 (0.44–0.50) 0.41 (0.38,0.45) 0.51 (0.47,0.55) Self-described general medical status Poor 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Fair 0.78 (0.65–0.94) 0.76 (0.58–0.99) 0.74 (0.57–0.97) Good 0.74 (0.62–0.89) 0.73 (0.57–0.94) 0.73 (0.56–0.93) Very good 0.72 (0.60–0.86) 0.79 (0.61–1.02) 0.64 (0.49–0.82) Excellent 0.75 (0.62–0.90) 0.74 (0.56–0.98) 0.71 (0.54–0.92) Restriction of activities Sometimes 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Often 1.05 (0.94–1.16) 1.22 (1.04–1.43) 0.94 (0.82–1.08) Never 0.83 (0.77–0.90) 1.04 (0.93–1.17) 0.70 (0.63–0.78) Province With screening programs 1.91 (1.80–2.02) – – Without screening programs 1.00 (ref) – – Note: CI = confidence interval, CRC = colorectal cancer. *Nova Scotia, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan.
- Table 6: Predictors of up-to-date CRC screening in Canada in 2012, stratified by sex and by provinces with and without CRC screening programs in 2012
Variable Women; OR (95% CI) Men; OR (95% CI) All provinces Provinces with screening programs* Provinces
without screening programsAll provinces Provinces
with screening programs*Provinces
without screening programsAge, yr 50–54 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 55–59 1.90 (1.68–2.16) 1.89 (1.56–2.28) 1.87 (1.58–2.23) 1.65 (1.47–1.85) 1.62 (1.37–1.92) 1.71 (1.46–2.00) 60–64 2.11 (1.85–2.42) 2.20 (1.79–2.69) 2.08 (1.73–2.49) 2.38 (2.11–2.69) 2.86 (2.37–3.44) 2.07 (1.75–2.44) 65–69 2.66 (2.29–3.08) 2.81 (2.24–3.52) 2.53 (2.07–3.08) 2.09 (1.82–2.40) 2.82 (2.27–3.50) 1.72 (1.43–2.07) 70–74 3.45 (2.89–4.11) 3.87 (2.95–5.07) 3.10 (2.46–3.92) 2.76 (2.35–3.24) 3.29 (2.56–4.21) 2.46 (1.98–3.05) Income, $ < 20 000 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 20 000–39 000 1.04 (0.86–1.24) 1.01 (0.76–1.34) 1.07 (0.84–1.36) 0.79 (0.64–0.97) 1.10 (0.80–1.51) 0.65 (0.50–0.84) 40 000–59 999 1.12 (0.93–1.35) 1.17 (0.88–1.57) 1.12 (0.88–1.44) 0.96 (0.79–1.18) 1.18 (0.85–1.62) 0.90 (0.68–1.17) 60 000–79 999 1.07 (0.88–1.31) 0.98 (0.73–1.33) 1.17 (0.89–1.52) 0.95 (0.78–1.17) 1.60 (1.16–2.21) 0.68 (0.51–0.89) ≥ 80 000 1.61 (1.34–1.94) 1.46 (1.10–1.95) 1.71 (1.33–2.19) 1.17 (0.96–1.42) 1.74 (1.27–2.37) 0.92 (0.71–1.19) Marital status Married 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Common-law 0.87 (0.73–1.03) 1.53 (1.08–2.16) 0.69 (0.56–0.85) 0.78 (0.68–0.90) 1.02 (0.80–1.31) 0.69 (0.58–0.83) Widowed/separated/divorced 1.05 (0.93–1.18) 0.99 (0.83–1.17) 1.09 (0.93–1.28) 0.78 (0.69–0.89) 0.91 (0.75–1.11) 0.69 (0.58–0.82) Single (never married) 1.22 (1.01–1.47) 1.52 (1.11–2.08) 1.06 (0.84–1.34) 0.86 (0.73–1.02) 1.07 (0.81–1.42) 0.74 (0.60–0.92) Obesity Underweight/normal 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Overweight 0.86 (0.75–0.97) 0.54 (0.45–0.66) 1.28 (1.08–1.53) 1.26 (1.13–1.40) 1.43 (1.22–1.67) 1.10 (0.94–1.27) Obese 0.82 (0.73–0.93) 0.62 (0.51–0.75) 1.06 (0.89–1.25) 0.91 (0.81–1.02) 0.95 (0.80–1.13) 0.85 (0.72–0.99) Smoking Daily 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Occasional/former 1.68 (1.47–1.91) 1.56 (1.27–1.90) 1.78 (1.49–2.12) 1.82 (1.63–2.03) 1.81 (1.53–2.13) 1.82 (1.56–2.12) Never smoked 1.39 (1.22–1.59) 1.25 (1.02–1.52) 1.56 (1.29–1.88) 1.71 (1.50–1.95) 1.61 (1.33–1.94) 1.86 (1.55–2.23) Diabetes No 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Yes 0.75 (0.64–0.88) 0.69 (0.55–0.86) 0.78 (0.62–0.98) 1.02 (0.89–1.16) 0.79 (0.65–0.97) 1.22 (1.02–1.45) Physical examination No regular pattern 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) At least once annually 0.60 (0.55–0.66) 0.56 (0.48–0.65) 0.62 (0.55–0.70) 0.44 (0.41–0.48) 0.43 (0.38–0.48) 0.45 (0.40–0.50) Self-described general medical status Poor 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Fair 0.55 (0.40–0.74) 0.90 (0.59–1.40) 0.29 (0.18–0.45) 1.10 (0.84–1.43) 0.79 (0.54–1.18) 1.41 (0.97–2.05) Good 0.52 (0.39–0.70) 0.85 (0.56–1.27) 0.29 (0.18–0.44) 1.07 (0.84–1.37) 0.65 (0.45–0.94) 1.56 (1.11–2.20) Very good 0.51 (0.38–0.68) 0.81 (0.53–1.23) 0.28 (0.18–0.43) 0.94 (0.73–1.21) 0.71 (0.49–1.04) 1.13 (0.80–1.60) Excellent 0.53 (0.39–0.72) 0.99 (0.64–1.54) 0.26 (0.16–0.41) 1.10 (0.85–1.44) 0.62 (0.42–0.92) 1.65 (1.15–2.38) Restriction of activities Sometimes 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Often 0.93 (0.80–1.10) 1.16 (0.91–1.47) 0.82 (0.66–1.01) 1.28 (1.09–1.50) 1.68 (1.32–2.15) 1.04 (0.85–1.29) Never 0.86 (0.77–0.97) 1.03 (0.87–1.23) 0.73 (0.63–0.86) 0.83 (0.74–0.92) 1.11 (0.94–1.31) 0.66 (0.57–0.77) Pap test None or ≥ 3 yr 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) – – – < 3 yr 1.24 (1.11–1.37) 1.35 (1.15–1.58) 1.15 (1.00–1.32) – – – Mammmogram None or ≥ 2 yr 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) – – – < 2 yr 2.16 (1.93–2.42) 2.86 (2.42–3.37) 1.61 (1.38–1.88) – – – Province With screening programs 1.00 (ref) – – 1.00 (ref) – – Without screening programs 2.30 (2.10–2.52) – – 1.74 (1.60–1.89) – – Note: CI = confidence interval, CRC = colorectal cancer. *Nova Scotia, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan.
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