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Social determinants of access to timely elective surgery in Ontario, Canada: a cross-sectional population level study
Pieter de Jager, Dionne Aleman, Nancy Baxter, Chaim Bell, Merve Bodur, Andrew Calzavara, Robert Campbell, Michael Carter, Scott Emerson, Anna Gagliardi, Jonathan Irish, Danielle Martin, Samantha Lee, Marcy Saxe-Braithwaite, Pardis Seyedi, Julie Takata, Suting Yang, Claudia Zanchetta and David Urbach
December 19, 2023 11 (6) E1164-E1180; DOI: https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20230001
Pieter de Jager
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
MBChB MScDionne Aleman
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
PhD PEngNancy Baxter
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
MD PhDChaim Bell
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
MD PhDMerve Bodur
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
PhDAndrew Calzavara
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
MScRobert Campbell
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
MD MScMichael Carter
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
PhDScott Emerson
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
MScAnna Gagliardi
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
PhDJonathan Irish
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
MD MScDanielle Martin
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
MD MPPSamantha Lee
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
MPHMarcy Saxe-Braithwaite
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
DBAPardis Seyedi
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
MScJulie Takata
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
MASuting Yang
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
MAScClaudia Zanchetta
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
RN MN(ACNP)David Urbach
Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Peri-operative Medicine (de Jager), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Aleman, Bodur, Carter, Seyedi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Baxter), Carlton, Australia; Department of Medicine (Bell), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Bell), University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine; ICES Central (Calzavara, Lee), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; Human Early Learning Partnership (Emerson), School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto General Research Institute (Gagliardi), and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Irish), University Health Network; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Martin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (Saxe-Braithwaite), Halifax, NS; Women’s College Hospital (Takata); Ontario Health (Yang); Access to Care (Zanchetta), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario); Department of Surgery (Urbach), Women’s College Hospital, Surgery, Toronto, Ont.
MD MSc
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Social determinants of access to timely elective surgery in Ontario, Canada: a cross-sectional population level study
Pieter de Jager, Dionne Aleman, Nancy Baxter, Chaim Bell, Merve Bodur, Andrew Calzavara, Robert Campbell, Michael Carter, Scott Emerson, Anna Gagliardi, Jonathan Irish, Danielle Martin, Samantha Lee, Marcy Saxe-Braithwaite, Pardis Seyedi, Julie Takata, Suting Yang, Claudia Zanchetta, David Urbach
Nov 2023, 11 (6) E1164-E1180; DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20230001
Social determinants of access to timely elective surgery in Ontario, Canada: a cross-sectional population level study
Pieter de Jager, Dionne Aleman, Nancy Baxter, Chaim Bell, Merve Bodur, Andrew Calzavara, Robert Campbell, Michael Carter, Scott Emerson, Anna Gagliardi, Jonathan Irish, Danielle Martin, Samantha Lee, Marcy Saxe-Braithwaite, Pardis Seyedi, Julie Takata, Suting Yang, Claudia Zanchetta, David Urbach
Nov 2023, 11 (6) E1164-E1180; DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20230001
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