Impact of a vaccine passport on first-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccine coverage by age and area-level social determinants of health in the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario: an interrupted time series analysis

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Flores Anato, Xia, Harper, Buckeridge, Racine, Maheu-Giroux), School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Ma, Hamilton, Mishra), St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Brisson), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Ontario Ministry of Health (Hillmer, Malikov, Kerem); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Hillmer), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Community Health Sciences (Beall), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Bioengineering (Wagner), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Direction des risques biologiques (Racine, Dubé), Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Ville de Québec, Que.; Department of Epidemiology (Baral), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.; Département d’anthropologie (Dubé), Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (Mishra), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Flores Anato, Xia, Harper, Buckeridge, Racine, Maheu-Giroux), School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Ma, Hamilton, Mishra), St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Brisson), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Ontario Ministry of Health (Hillmer, Malikov, Kerem); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Hillmer), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Community Health Sciences (Beall), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Bioengineering (Wagner), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Direction des risques biologiques (Racine, Dubé), Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Ville de Québec, Que.; Department of Epidemiology (Baral), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.; Département d’anthropologie (Dubé), Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (Mishra), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Flores Anato, Xia, Harper, Buckeridge, Racine, Maheu-Giroux), School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Ma, Hamilton, Mishra), St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Brisson), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Ontario Ministry of Health (Hillmer, Malikov, Kerem); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Hillmer), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Community Health Sciences (Beall), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Bioengineering (Wagner), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Direction des risques biologiques (Racine, Dubé), Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Ville de Québec, Que.; Department of Epidemiology (Baral), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.; Département d’anthropologie (Dubé), Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (Mishra), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Flores Anato, Xia, Harper, Buckeridge, Racine, Maheu-Giroux), School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Ma, Hamilton, Mishra), St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Brisson), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Ontario Ministry of Health (Hillmer, Malikov, Kerem); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Hillmer), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Community Health Sciences (Beall), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Bioengineering (Wagner), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Direction des risques biologiques (Racine, Dubé), Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Ville de Québec, Que.; Department of Epidemiology (Baral), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.; Département d’anthropologie (Dubé), Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (Mishra), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Flores Anato, Xia, Harper, Buckeridge, Racine, Maheu-Giroux), School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Ma, Hamilton, Mishra), St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Brisson), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Ontario Ministry of Health (Hillmer, Malikov, Kerem); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Hillmer), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Community Health Sciences (Beall), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Bioengineering (Wagner), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Direction des risques biologiques (Racine, Dubé), Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Ville de Québec, Que.; Department of Epidemiology (Baral), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.; Département d’anthropologie (Dubé), Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (Mishra), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Flores Anato, Xia, Harper, Buckeridge, Racine, Maheu-Giroux), School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Ma, Hamilton, Mishra), St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Brisson), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Ontario Ministry of Health (Hillmer, Malikov, Kerem); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Hillmer), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Community Health Sciences (Beall), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Bioengineering (Wagner), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Direction des risques biologiques (Racine, Dubé), Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Ville de Québec, Que.; Department of Epidemiology (Baral), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.; Département d’anthropologie (Dubé), Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (Mishra), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Flores Anato, Xia, Harper, Buckeridge, Racine, Maheu-Giroux), School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Ma, Hamilton, Mishra), St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Brisson), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Ontario Ministry of Health (Hillmer, Malikov, Kerem); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Hillmer), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Community Health Sciences (Beall), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Bioengineering (Wagner), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Direction des risques biologiques (Racine, Dubé), Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Ville de Québec, Que.; Department of Epidemiology (Baral), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.; Département d’anthropologie (Dubé), Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (Mishra), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Flores Anato, Xia, Harper, Buckeridge, Racine, Maheu-Giroux), School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Ma, Hamilton, Mishra), St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Brisson), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Ontario Ministry of Health (Hillmer, Malikov, Kerem); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Hillmer), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Community Health Sciences (Beall), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Bioengineering (Wagner), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Direction des risques biologiques (Racine, Dubé), Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Ville de Québec, Que.; Department of Epidemiology (Baral), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.; Département d’anthropologie (Dubé), Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (Mishra), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Flores Anato, Xia, Harper, Buckeridge, Racine, Maheu-Giroux), School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Ma, Hamilton, Mishra), St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Brisson), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Ontario Ministry of Health (Hillmer, Malikov, Kerem); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Hillmer), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Community Health Sciences (Beall), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Bioengineering (Wagner), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Direction des risques biologiques (Racine, Dubé), Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Ville de Québec, Que.; Department of Epidemiology (Baral), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.; Département d’anthropologie (Dubé), Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (Mishra), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Flores Anato, Xia, Harper, Buckeridge, Racine, Maheu-Giroux), School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Ma, Hamilton, Mishra), St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Brisson), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Ontario Ministry of Health (Hillmer, Malikov, Kerem); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Hillmer), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Community Health Sciences (Beall), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Bioengineering (Wagner), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Direction des risques biologiques (Racine, Dubé), Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Ville de Québec, Que.; Department of Epidemiology (Baral), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.; Département d’anthropologie (Dubé), Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (Mishra), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Flores Anato, Xia, Harper, Buckeridge, Racine, Maheu-Giroux), School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Ma, Hamilton, Mishra), St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Brisson), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Ontario Ministry of Health (Hillmer, Malikov, Kerem); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Hillmer), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Community Health Sciences (Beall), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Bioengineering (Wagner), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Direction des risques biologiques (Racine, Dubé), Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Ville de Québec, Que.; Department of Epidemiology (Baral), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.; Département d’anthropologie (Dubé), Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (Mishra), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Flores Anato, Xia, Harper, Buckeridge, Racine, Maheu-Giroux), School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Ma, Hamilton, Mishra), St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Brisson), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Ontario Ministry of Health (Hillmer, Malikov, Kerem); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Hillmer), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Community Health Sciences (Beall), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Bioengineering (Wagner), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Direction des risques biologiques (Racine, Dubé), Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Ville de Québec, Que.; Department of Epidemiology (Baral), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.; Département d’anthropologie (Dubé), Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (Mishra), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Flores Anato, Xia, Harper, Buckeridge, Racine, Maheu-Giroux), School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Ma, Hamilton, Mishra), St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Brisson), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Ontario Ministry of Health (Hillmer, Malikov, Kerem); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Hillmer), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Community Health Sciences (Beall), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Bioengineering (Wagner), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Direction des risques biologiques (Racine, Dubé), Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Ville de Québec, Que.; Department of Epidemiology (Baral), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.; Département d’anthropologie (Dubé), Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (Mishra), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Flores Anato, Xia, Harper, Buckeridge, Racine, Maheu-Giroux), School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Ma, Hamilton, Mishra), St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Brisson), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Ontario Ministry of Health (Hillmer, Malikov, Kerem); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Hillmer), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Community Health Sciences (Beall), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Bioengineering (Wagner), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Direction des risques biologiques (Racine, Dubé), Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Ville de Québec, Que.; Department of Epidemiology (Baral), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.; Département d’anthropologie (Dubé), Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (Mishra), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Flores Anato, Xia, Harper, Buckeridge, Racine, Maheu-Giroux), School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Ma, Hamilton, Mishra), St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Brisson), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Ontario Ministry of Health (Hillmer, Malikov, Kerem); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Hillmer), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Community Health Sciences (Beall), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Bioengineering (Wagner), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Direction des risques biologiques (Racine, Dubé), Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Ville de Québec, Que.; Department of Epidemiology (Baral), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.; Département d’anthropologie (Dubé), Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (Mishra), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Flores Anato, Xia, Harper, Buckeridge, Racine, Maheu-Giroux), School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Ma, Hamilton, Mishra), St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Brisson), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Ontario Ministry of Health (Hillmer, Malikov, Kerem); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Hillmer), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Community Health Sciences (Beall), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Bioengineering (Wagner), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Direction des risques biologiques (Racine, Dubé), Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Ville de Québec, Que.; Department of Epidemiology (Baral), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.; Département d’anthropologie (Dubé), Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (Mishra), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Flores Anato, Xia, Harper, Buckeridge, Racine, Maheu-Giroux), School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Ma, Hamilton, Mishra), St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Brisson), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Ontario Ministry of Health (Hillmer, Malikov, Kerem); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Hillmer), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Community Health Sciences (Beall), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Bioengineering (Wagner), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Direction des risques biologiques (Racine, Dubé), Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Ville de Québec, Que.; Department of Epidemiology (Baral), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.; Département d’anthropologie (Dubé), Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (Mishra), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.