Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1:
PRISMA flow diagram showing study selection. Note: CADTH = Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, CIHI = Canadian Institute for Health Information, CMA = Canadian Medical Association, EVALI = e-cigarette or vaping use–associated lung injury, NICE = National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.
Tables
Characteristic No. of papers
n = 13Author and year Country United States 11 Graham et al., 2020; (48) Graham et al., 2021; (49) Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020; (50) Owens et al., 2020; (51) American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019; (52) Hadland and Chadi, 2020; (53) Gonzalvo et al., 2016; (55) Berg et al., 2021; (56) Sikka et al., 2021; (57) Sahr et al., 2020; (58) Silver et al., 2016 (59) Canada 2 Chadi et al., 2021; (54) Health Canada, 2021 (60) Target population (age in years)* Adolescent (10–19) 4 Graham et al., 2020; (48) Owens et al., 2020; (51) American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019; (52) Chadi et al., 2021 (54) Youth (15–24) 11 Graham et al., 2020; (48) Graham et al., 2021; (49) Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020; (50) American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019; (52) Hadland and Chadi, 2020; (53) Chadi et al., 2021; (54) Berg et al., 2021; (56) Sikka et al., 2021; (57) Sahr et al., 2020; (58) Silver et al., 2016; (59) Health Canada, 2021 (60) Adult (25–64) 2 Gonzalvo et al., 2016; (55) Sikka et al., 2021 (57) Study design RCT 1 Graham et al., 2021 (49) Pretest–posttest experimental study 1 Graham et al., 2020 (48) Guidance or recommendation 7 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020; (50) Owens et al., 2020; (51) American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019; (52) Hadland and Chadi, 2020; (53) Chadi et al., 2021; (54) Gonzalvo et al., 2016; (55) Berg et al., 2021 (56) Case report or case series 3 Sikka et al., 2021; (57) Sahr et al., 2020; (58) Silver et al., 2016 (59) Qualitative study 1 Health Canada, 2021 (60) Type of intervention recommended Behavioural 10 Graham et al., 2020; (48) Graham et al., 2021; (49) Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020; (50) Hadland and Chadi, 2020; (53) Chadi et al., 2021; (54) Berg et al., 2021; (56) Sikka et al., 2021; (57) Sahr et al., 2020; (58) Silver et al., 2016; (59) Health Canada, 2021 (60) NRT 6 American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019; (52) Hadland and Chadi, 2020; (53) Chadi et al., 2021; (54) Gonzalvo et al., 2016; (55) Sikka et al., 2021; (57) Silver et al., 2016 (59) Non-NRT 3 Hadland and Chadi, 2020; (53) Chadi et al., 2021; (54) Gonzalvo et al., 2016 (55) Based evidence on vaping cessation Yes 7 Graham et al., 2020; (48) Graham et al., 2021; (49) Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020; (50) Berg et al., 2021; (56) Sikka et al., 2021; (57) Sahr et al., 2020; (58) Silver et al., 2016 (59) No 6 Owens et al., 2020; (51) American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019; (52) Hadland and Chadi, 2020; (53) Chadi et al., 2021; (54) Gonzalvo et al., 2016; (55) Health Canada, 2021 (60) Based on critical appraisal scores High quality (critical appraisal scores ≥ 70%) 10 Graham et al., 2021; (49) Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020; (50) Owens et al., 2020; (51) American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019; (52) Hadland and Chadi, 2020; (53) Chadi et al., 2021; (54) Berg et al., 2021; (56) Sikka et al., 2021; (57) Sahr et al., 2020; (58) Health Canada, 2021 (60) Moderate quality (critical appraisal scores 50%–70%) 3 Graham et al., 2020; (48) Gonzalvo et al., 2016; (55) Silver et al., 2016 (59) Low quality (critical appraisal scores < 50%) 0 Note: NRT = nicotine replacement therapy, RCT = randomized controlled trial.
↵* Target population categories of adolescent and youth had overlaps with each other.
- Table 2:
Future research directions for cessation interventions targeted toward exclusive e-cigarette users and dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes
Population Knowledge gaps Future research directions Exclusive e-cigarette users Lack of good-quality and well-designed clinical trials evaluating different types of behavioural interventions for vaping cessation Rigorously designed RCTs to evaluate the effectiveness of different behavioural therapies (i.e., 1-on-1 counselling, group therapy, smartphone app, web-based program) for vaping cessation with biochemical proof of abstinence No published clinical trials evaluating effectiveness of NRT and non-NRT for vaping cessation Rigorously designed RCTs to evaluate the effectiveness of NRT and non-NRT for vaping cessation with biochemical proof of abstinence Lack of clinical trials evaluating vaping cessation interventions for different population groups RCTs should evaluate effectiveness of vaping cessation interventions for different population groups (i.e., youth v. adult, former smokers who switched to exclusive vaping, individuals with other tobacco use, other substance users) Lack of validated nicotine dependence tools targeted for e-cigarettes users Validate the established nicotine dependence tools (i.e., HONC, FTND, m-FTQ, S2BI, CRAFFT, BSTAD) for assessing vaping dependence Lack of evidence examining whether former smokers who switched to vaping relapse following vaping cessation Longitudinally assess duration of abstinence or relapse of smoking following vaping cessation interventions for former smokers who switched to exclusive vaping Dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes No published clinical trials evaluating interventions targeted for complete abstinence among dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes Rigorously designed RCTs to evaluate the effectiveness of stepwise cessation interventions — first smoking cessation followed by vaping cessation among dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes Note: BSTAD = Brief Screener for Tobacco, Alcohol, and other Drugs, CRAFFT = Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble, FTND = Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, HONC = Hooked on Nicotine Checklist, mFTQ = Modified Version of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire, NRT = nicotine replacement therapy, RCT = randomized controlled trial, S2BI = Screening to Brief Intervention.
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