Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine willingness among people incarcerated in 3 Canadian federal prisons: a cross-sectional study

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Table 1:

Participant characteristics

Characteristic	No. (%) of participants^*
Characteristic	Not willing to receive vaccine n = 62	Willing to receive vaccine n = 178	Total n = 240
Demographic characteristics
Age, yr, median (IQR)	39 (23–83)	50 (21–81)	46 (21–83)
Biological sex
Female	17 (37.0)	29 (63.0)	46 (19.2)
Male	44 (22.8)	149 (77.2)	193 (80.4)
Prefer not to answer	1 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.4)
Ethnicity
White	21 (15.9)	111 (84.1)	132 (55.0)
Indigenous^†	27 (43.5)	35 (56.5)	62 (25.8)
Other^‡	11 (25.6)	32 (74.4)	43 (17.9)
Prefer not to answer	3 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (1.2)
Education level
Secondary or less	43 (29.3)	104 (70.7)	147 (61.2)
Higher education	15 (18.5)	66 (81.5)	81 (33.8)
Prefer not to answer	4 (33.3)	8 (66.7)	12 (5.0)
Clinical characteristics
Chronic health conditions^§
None	35 (33.3)	70 (66.7)	105 (43.8)
≥ 1	22 (18.3)	98 (81.7)	120 (50.5)
Prefer not to answer	5 (33.3)	10 (66.7)	15 (6.2)
Vaccine-related characteristics
Receipt of the influenza vaccination in 2019–2020
No^¶	48 (38.7)	76 (61.3)	124 (51.7)
Yes	13 (11.5)	100 (88.5)	113 (47.1)
Prefer not to answer	1 (33.3)	2 (66.7)	3 (1.2)
Carceral characteristics
Correctional facility
FTC	12 (11.4)	93 (88.6)	105 (43.8)
GVIW	17 (36.2)	30 (63.8)	47 (19.6)
MI	33 (37.5)	55 (62.5)	88 (36.7)
Security level
Minimum	7 (12.3)	50 (87.7)	57 (23.8)
Medium	54 (29.8)	127 (70.2)	181 (75.4)
Maximum	1 (50.0)	1 (50.0)	2 (0.8)

Note: FTC = Federal Training Centre, GVIW = Grand Valley Institution for Women, IQR = Interquartile range, MI = Matsqui Institution.
↵* Unless indicated otherwise. Row percentages are provided for vaccine willingness subgroups.
↵† Includes 14 participants who selected multiple ethnicities including Indigenous ethnicity.
↵‡ Includes 25 participants who selected “visible minority other than Indigenous” (e.g., Black, Asian, Arab) and 18 who selected “other ethnicity.”
↵§ Chronic health conditions include asthma, cancer, chronic blood disorder, congestive heart disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic lung disease, chronic neurologic disorders, diabetes, HIV, hypertension, other immunocompromised conditions and liver disease.
↵¶ One person did not know whether or not they had received the influenza vaccine.

Table 2:

Multivariable analysis of factors associated with willingness to receive SARS-CoV-2 vaccination among adults incarcerated in Canada (n = 222)

Variable	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Demographic characteristics
Age	1.05 (1.03–1.08)	1.03 (1.00–1.06)
Ethnicity
White	Reference	Reference
Indigenous	0.22 (0.11–0.46)	0.27 (0.11–0.60)
Other^*	0.51 (0.22–1.20)	0.59 (0.24–1.51)
Clinical characteristics
Chronic health conditions^†
None	Reference	Reference
≥ 1	2.43 (1.30–4.61)	1.65 (0.80–3.47)
Vaccine-related characteristics
Receipt of the seasonal influenza vaccination in 2019–2020
No	Reference	Reference
Yes	5.41 (2.69–11.70)	5.20 (2.43–12.00)
Carceral characteristics
Security level
Minimum	Reference	Reference
Medium and maximum^‡	0.30 (0.11–0.71)	0.36 (0.12–0.92)

Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio.
↵* Other includes all other ethnicities (i.e., Black, Latin American, Arab, Asian).
↵† Chronic health conditions include asthma, cancer, chronic blood disorder, congestive heart disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic lung disease, chronic neurologic disorders, diabetes, HIV, hypertension, other immunocompromised conditions and liver disease.
↵‡ Includes 2 participants in maximum-security facilities.