Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1:
Participant flow diagram. Note: AKDN = Alberta Kidney Disease Network.
- Figure 2:
Marginal annual mean costs for dementia by age and number of morbidities among participants aged 65 years and older. Note: ACCS = ambulatory care classification system, LTC = long-term care.
- Figure 3:
Marginal annual mean costs for dementia by age and number of morbidities among participants aged 85 years and older. Note: ACCS = ambulatory care classification system, LTC = long-term care.
Tables
- Table 1:
Demographic and clinical characteristics at participants’ first year within each age group*
Characteristic % of participants; age group and dementia status Age 65–74 yr Age 75–84 yr Age ≥ 85 yr Dementia
n = 9135No dementia
n = 652 620Dementia
n = 23 747No dementia
n = 330 414Dementia
n = 34 752No dementia
n = 123 786Women 50.0 50.2 56.7 54.3 66.7 61.5 Men 50.0 49.8 43.3 45.7 33.3 38.5 Rural 11.6 13.1 10.9 12.6 10.3 11.0 Lowest SES neighbourhood quintile 25.8 18.3 23.5 20.0 22.7 22.8 No. of nondementia morbidities 0 4.7 24.0 3.7 12.8 2.4 11.2 1 10.0 25.0 8.8 17.6 6.7 10.9 2 13.4 20.5 13.1 20.2 11.8 16.1 3 15.5 14.0 15.5 18.0 15.8 17.8 ≥ 4 56.3 16.5 59.0 31.4 63.3 44.0 Hypertension 64.8 50.6 73.5 67.7 79.0 74.2 Chronic kidney disease 39.2 21.8 50.7 40.0 66.3 56.9 Diabetes 32.0 17.8 30.4 21.6 25.5 19.9 Chronic pulmonary disease 34.3 14.2 34.8 21.3 34.4 25.1 Chronic pain 18.5 14.7 17.1 16.8 15.0 16.0 Hypothyroidism 17.9 11.3 20.8 15.5 24.8 19.2 Stroke or TIA 31.1 7.1 35.0 13.7 38.2 21.1 Gout 10.6 8.6 12.5 11.5 13.7 13.0 Chronic heart failure 20.1 4.9 27.0 11.7 35.2 22.3 Atrial fibrillation 12.1 4.5 19.9 11.0 26.8 18.5 Depression 33.6 7.0 27.1 6.5 21.2 6.4 Cancer, nonmetastatic 5.6 4.5 7.4 7.1 7.2 7.1 Myocardial infarction 5.6 3.3 7.1 5.1 7.9 6.5 Rheumatoid arthritis 5.4 2.7 5.6 4.2 6.3 5.0 Asthma 6.5 2.7 5.6 3.5 5.0 4.0 Alcohol misuse 19.5 2.4 10.0 2.0 4.2 1.2 Peripheral vascular disease 5.4 1.5 5.8 3.0 5.5 3.9 Irritable bowel syndrome 4.1 2.0 3.6 2.1 3.1 2.0 Cancer, metastatic 3.2 1.5 3.5 2.3 3.0 2.6 Parkinson disease 10.4 0.7 11.4 1.7 9.3 2.4 Constipation, severe 5.1 0.8 5.6 1.7 6.7 3.1 Epilepsy 11.8 1.3 5.9 1.3 3.7 1.2 Inflammatory bowel disease 1.5 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.8 Schizophrenia 15.6 0.8 7.0 0.5 3.5 0.3 Psoriasis 1.7 0.8 1.3 0.9 1.0 0.8 Cancer, lymphoma 1.2 0.6 1.1 0.8 1.0 0.9 Multiple sclerosis 4.1 0.7 1.4 0.4 0.7 0.3 Peptic ulcer disease 1.3 0.2 1.1 0.4 0.9 0.4 Cirrhosis 1.7 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1 Chronic viral hepatitis B 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Note: SES = socioeconomic status, TIA = transient ischemic attack.
↵* Many participants have data within multiple age groups.
- Table 2:
Marginal differences in mean annual costs in participants aged 65 years and older*
Comparison Hospital costs (95% CI) Medical costs (95% CI) ACCS costs (95% CI) Claim costs (95% CI) LTC costs (95% CI) Total costs (95% CI) No LTC total costs† (95% CI) Dementia Age 65−74 yr; no. of morbidities 0 6661 (4998 to 8325) 550 (482 to 619) 667 (550 to 784) 18 404 (15 892 to 20 916) 18 404 (15 892 to 20 916) 27 598 (24 504 to 30 692) 8960 (7215 to 10 706) 1 9194 (7822 to 10 566) 381 (327 to 435) 569 (476 to 662) 20 922 (19 376 to 22 467) 20 922 (19 376 to 22 467) 32 253 (30 120 to 34 386) 11 263 (9792 to 12 733) 2 11 275 (9710 to 12 841) 234 (184 to 285) 497 (385 to 610) 21 605 (20 392 to 22 817) 21 605 (20 392 to 22 817) 34 868 (32 839 to 36 897) 13 340 (11 682 to 14 998) 3 12 758 (11 764 to 13 751) 215 (154 to 277) 579 (448 to 710) 22 553 (21 474 to 23 632) 22 553 (21 474 to 23 632) 37 542 (35 985 to 39 099) 15 115 (14 007 to 16 222) ≥ 4 20 662 (19 972 to 21 352) 255 (191 to 319) 1230 (1074 to 1386) 29 618 (28 969 to 30 267) 29 618 (28 969 to 30 267) 54 171 (53 096 to 55 247) 25 028 (24 199 to 25 858) Age 75−84 yr; no. of morbidities 0 6849 (5717 to 7981) 586 (524 to 649) 513 (449 to 576) 25 153 (23 109 to 27 197) 25 153 (23 109 to 27 197) 34 652 (32 274 to 37 029) 8979 (7794 to 10 164) 1 8310 (7189 to 9432) 355 (310 to 400) 354 (293 to 415) 27 451 (26 262 to 28 641) 27 451 (26 262 to 28 641) 37 966 (36 309 to 39 623) 9921 (8756 to 11 085) 2 9308 (8742 to 9875) 243 (206 to 281) 322 (263 to 381) 26 002 (25 163 to 26 841) 26 002 (25 163 to 26 841) 37 269 (36 228 to 38 309) 10 832 (10 214 to 11 451) 3 11 164 (10 609 to 11 719) 113 (76 to 150) 221 (159 to 282) 27 322 (26 617 to 28 028) 27 322 (26 617 to 28 028) 40 203 (39 279 to 41 127) 12 601 (11 986 to 13 216) ≥ 4 15 460 (15 102 to 15 819) −93 (−121 to −65) 233 (159 to 308) 31 779 (31 387 to 32 171) 31 779 (31 387 to 32 171) 49 059 (48 483 to 49 634) 17 298 (16 868 to 17 728) Age ≥ 85 yr; no. of morbidities 0 6185 (5180 to 7190) 357 (306 to 407) 465 (384 to 546) 36 414 (33 530 to 39 299) 36 414 (33 530 to 39 299) 45 844 (42 579 to 49 110) 8130 (7019 to 9240) 1 7087 (6399 to 7774) 127 (84 to 169) 242 (157 to 327) 36 823 (35 372 to 38 275) 36 823 (35 372 to 38 275) 46 393 (44 755 to 48 031) 8402 (7650 to 9155) 2 7881 (7331 to 8431) −41 (−82 to 0) 164 (115 to 213) 36 733 (35 781 to 37 686) 36 733 (35 781 to 37 686) 46 785 (45 659 to 47 911) 8940 (8331 to 9549) 3 8496 (8034 to 8958) −233 (−268 to −199) 60 (0 to 120) 37 703 (36 957 to 38 448) 37 703 (36 957 to 38 448) 47 977 (47 086 to 48 868) 9290 (8759 to 9821) ≥ 4 8993 (8674 to 9312) −478 (−504 to −453) −286 (−343 to −229) 36 360 (35 966 to 36 754) 36 360 (35 966 to 36 754) 46 113 (45 583 to 46 642) 9236 (8853 to 9620) No. of morbidities No dementia; age, yr 65−74 4597 (4554 to 4640) 591 (586 to 596) 685 (676 to 694) 688 (682 to 694) 819 (785 to 853) 4597 (4554 to 4640) 3534 (3507 to 3562) 75−84 5433 (5374 to 5493) 527 (521 to 532) 721 (710 to 732) 764 (757 to 771) 1289 (1244 to 1334) 5433 (5374 to 5493) 3922 (3890 to 3954) ≥ 85 8772 (8562 to 8982) 480 (472 to 487) 687 (665 to 708) 831 (819 to 843) 2768 (2676 to 2859) 8772 (8562 to 8982) 4281 (4225 to 4336) Dementia; age, yr 65−74 10 655 (10 091 to 11 220) 503 (478 to 527) 985 (925 to 1045) 1274 (1226 to 1323) 3863 (3454 to 4273) 10 655 (10 091 to 11 220) 7632 (7249 to 8015) 75−84 8250 (7918 to 8582) 342 (330 to 355) 725 (696 to 753) 1029 (1005 to 1054) 3212 (2921 to 3503) 8250 (7918 to 8582) 5934 (5747 to 6122) ≥ 85 5817 (5482 to 6152) 250 (239 to 260) 501 (482 to 520) 831 (808 to 854) 2461 (2125 to 2797) 5817 (5482 to 6152) 4332 (4192 to 4472) Age No dementia; no. of morbidities 0 −153 (−190 to −116) −35 (−39 to −31) −94 (−100 to −88) −112 (−118 to −106) 115 (93 to 136) −153 (−190 to −116) −172 (−188 to −156) 1 798 (739 to 857) 40 (31 to 50) −9 (−29 to 11) 1 (−8 to 10) 637 (569 to 705) 798 (739 to 857) 298 (267 to 328) 2 1227 (1163 to 1290) 37 (28 to 45) −22 (−33 to −12) 24 (13 to 34) 916 (855 to 977) 1227 (1163 to 1290) 439 (402 to 475) 3 1592 (1516 to 1668) −17 (−28 to −6) −34 (−50 to −18) 36 (23 to 50) 1177 (1114 to 1240) 1592 (1516 to 1668) 543 (495 to 591) ≥ 4 3248 (3145 to 3351) −151 (−163 to −140) −158 (−186 to −130) 80 (61 to 98) 2561 (2495 to 2627) 3248 (3145 to 3351) 921 (849 to 994) Dementia; no. of morbidities 0 6251 (4510 to 7992) −156 (−204 to −107) −223 (−311 to −135) −36 (−148 to 76) 8373 (6827 to 9919) 6251 (4510 to 7992) −857 (−1789 to 75) 1 5901 (4898 to 6903) −167 (−204 to −130) −215 (−272 to −157) −61 (−125 to 3) 8443 (7572 to 9313) 5901 (4898 to 6903) −1369 (−2028 to −709) 2 5637 (4901 to 6373) −177 (−209 to −145) −244 (−308 to −179) −139 (−205 to −72) 8799 (8199 to 9399) 5637 (4901 to 6373) −2011 (−2572 to −1450) 3 5181 (4539 to 5823) −342 (−377 to −306) −339 (−413 to −265) −179 (−237 to −120) 9304 (8806 to 9802) 5181 (4539 to 5823) −3044 (−3574 to −2514) ≥ 4 −842 (−1286 to −398) −609 (−644 to −575) −1087 (−1177 to −998) −817 (−874 to −760) 7401 (7081 to 7721) −842 (−1286 to −398) −7365 (−7743 to −6987) Note: ACCS = ambulatory care classification system, CI = confidence interval, LTC = long-term care.
↵* Marginal differences in mean annual costs (in Can$1000 units) are reported for the following comparisons: dementia versus no dementia by age and number of morbidities categories; increases in the number of morbidities by dementia and age categories; and increases in age category by dementia and number of morbidities categories. These models include 3-way and 2-way interactions terms for dementia, age and number of morbidities. All costs are inflated to 2017 costs using the Consumer Price Index for all items in Canada. Unshaded cells show significant increases in costs or nonsignificant differences, shaded cells show significant decreases in cost and italics indicate nonsignificant differences.
↵† Includes costs of hospital admissions, medications, ACCS and provider claims.
- Table 3:
Marginal differences in mean annual costs in participants aged 85 years and older*
Comparisons Hospital costs (95% CI) Medical costs (95% CI) ACCS costs (95% CI) Claim costs (95% CI) LTC costs (95% CI) Total costs (95% CI) No LTC total costs† (95% CI) Dementia Age 85−89 yr; no. of morbidities 0 6844 (5415 to 8274) 433 (363 to 503) 566 (426 to 706) 1541 (1294 to 1788) 35 266 (32 286 to 38 245) 44 541 (41 255 to 47 828) 9179 (7602 to 10 756) 1 7423 (6545 to 8301) 235 (180 to 290) 326 (255 to 396) 1160 (1067 to 1253) 33 811 (32 214 to 35 409) 43 227 (41 391 to 45 063) 9035 (8076 to 9994) 2 8785 (7953 to 9617) 113 (56 to 171) 234 (163 to 304) 1128 (1021 to 1235) 34 041 (32 938 to 35 144) 44 368 (42 997 to 45 738) 10 257 (9328 to 11 185) 3 9276 (8670 to 9881) −110 (−154 to −67) 117 (42 to 192) 1133 (1055 to 1210) 34 501 (33 622 to 35 379) 45 003 (43 925 to 46 081) 10 379 (9691 to 11 067) ≥ 4 10 911 (10 492 to 11 330) −331 (−363 to −299) −154 (−229 to −80) 1248 (1182 to 1313) 34 765 (34 302 to 35 227) 46 632 (45 957 to 47 306) 11 616 (11 117 to 12 115) Age 90−94 yr; no. of morbidities 0 5913 (4165 to 7662) 366 (285 to 447) 410 (317 to 503) 1400 (1214 to 1586) 40 677 (36 634 to 44 720) 49 096 (44 640 to 53 551) 7882 (5970 to 9794) 1 6924 (5924 to 7924) 120 (45 to 195) 172 (−139 to 482) 1300 (1176 to 1425) 40 766 (38 643 to 42 888) 49 387 (47 101 to 51 673) 8386 (7205 to 9566) 2 7301 (6519 to 8082) −92 (−153 to −30) 195 (123 to 267) 1181 (1082 to 1281) 38 713 (37 276 to 40 150) 47 335 (45 701 to 48 968) 8505 (7620 to 9389) 3 7940 (7121 to 8759) −217 (−275 to −160) 120 (8 to 233) 1254 (1133 to 1374) 39 005 (37 852 to 40 158) 48 070 (46 639 to 49 501) 9094 (8132 to 10 057) ≥ 4 7057 (6518 to 7596) −510 (−550 to −469) −222 (−307 to −138) 1093 (1010 to 1175) 36 928 (36 304 to 37 552) 44 195 (43 333 to 45 058) 7411 (6770 to 8052) Age ≥ 95; no. of morbidities 0 4094 (2396 to 5792) 162 (85 to 239) 234 (165 to 303) 886 (687 to 1086) 35 352 (28 387 to 42 316) 40 587 (32 891 to 48 283) 5277 (3430 to 7124) 1 4941 (2659 to 7223) 24 (−34 to 82) 224 (127 to 321) 1052 (884 to 1221) 40 449 (36 071 to 44 828) 46 854 (41 693 to 52 015) 5979 (3560 to 8398) 2 3858 (2725 to 4991) −116 (−189 to −43) 178 (44 to 312) 1238 (1062 to 1414) 39 631 (36 811 to 42 451) 44 579 (41 358 to 47 800) 5080 (3780 to 6381) 3 3676 (2428 to 4923) −350 (−445 to −254) 29 (−95 to 153) 1071 (869 to 1273) 42 057 (39 840 to 44 273) 46 305 (43 677 to 48 934) 4365 (2889 to 5840) ≥ 4 1549 (572 to 2526) −600 (−671 to −529) −422 (−565 to −279) 812 (635 to 988) 36 050 (34 761 to 37 339) 36 977 (35 248 to 38 705) 1359 (163 to 2555) No. of morbidities No dementia; age, yr 85−89 5163 (5012 to 5314) 596 (582 to 610) 816 (790 to 842) 926 (906 to 946) 2839 (2696 to 2982) 9128 (8893 to 9362) 6877 (6717 to 7037) 90−94 6229 (5969 to 6489) 587 (565 to 610) 721 (623 to 818) 980 (948 to 1011) 4502 (4264 to 4741) 11 056 (10 605 to 11 507) 7653 (7310 to 996) ≥ 95 7319 (6768 to 7869) 626 (590 to 662) 832 (761 to 904) 1088 (1019 to 1157) 8432 (7944 to 8921) 12 660 (11 759 to 13 561) 8086 (7453 to 8718) Dementia; age, yr 85−89 5338 (5030 to 5647) 359 (340 to 379) 612 (575 to 649) 952 (910 to 994) 2451 (2071 to 2830) 9347 (8857 to 9838) 7362 (6996 to 7728) 90−94 4903 (4566 to 5241) 310 (288 to 332) 529 (493 to 564) 888 (846 to 930) 2279 (1799 to 2759) 8501 (7927 to 9076) 6725 (6311 to 7139) ≥ 95 4076 (3502 to 4651) 271 (242 to 300) 437 (385 to 488) 852 (783 to 921) 3752 (2900 to 4604) 8394 (7515 to 9274) 5371 (4709 to 6033) Age No dementia 0 −112 (−161 to −63) −84 (−97 to −71) −103 (−121 to −85) −145 (−164 to −127) −114 (−201 to −27) −298 (−445 to −151) −349 (−439 to −258) 1 169 (6 to 333) −160 (−190 to −131) −76 (−222 to 71) −161 (−193 to −128) 1392 (1059 to 1725) 1447 (1035 to 1858) −70 (−330 to 190) 2 556 (354 to 758) −148 (−178 to −118) −153 (−190 to −116) −133 (−167 to −99) 2504 (2172 to 2837) 2773 (2359 to 3187) 196 (−51 to 444) 3 1217 (962 to 1473) −132 (−167 to −97) −122 (−167 to −77) −39 (−85 to 7) 3283 (2942 to 3625) 4253 (3786 to 4720) 966 (657 to 1275) ≥ 4 1857 (1593 to 2120) −215 (−241 to −189) −289 (−345 to −234) −53 (−101 to −5) 4998 (4717 to 5280) 6427 (5990 to 6864) 1347 (1019 to 1675) Dementia 0 −1507 (−2902 to −112) −197 (−276 to −118) −267 (−388 to −146) −381 (−575 to −187) 847 (−2614 to 4309) 1265 (−1664 to 4194) −1982 (−3466 to −498) 1 −917 (−2077 to 243) −310 (−362 to −258) −186 (−252 to −120) −156 (−245 to −68) 5788 (3825 to 7750) 5207 (3316 to 7097) −1354 (−2599 to −108) 2 −1776 (−2538 to −1014) −337 (−390 to −285) −182 (−252 to −113) −75 (−164 to 15) 6277 (5040 to 7513) 4632 (3384 to 5880) −2297 (−3127 to −1466) 3 −1174 (−1783 to −566) −292 (−332 to −253) −155 (−227 to −83) −36 (−115 to 42) 7946 (7024 to 8868) 6457 (5494 to 7420) −1684 (−2390 to −979) ≥ 4 −2700 (−3099 to −2302) −410 (−438 to −382) −408 (−466 to −351) −268 (−331 to −204) 6978 (6511 to 7445) 3409 (2845 to 3973) −3874 (−4357 to −3391) Note: ACCS = ambulatory care classification system, CI = confidence interval, LTC = long-term care.
↵* Marginal differences in mean annual costs (in Can$1000 units) are reported for the following comparisons: dementia versus no dementia by age and number of morbidities categories; increases in the number of morbidities by dementia and age categories; and increases in age category by dementia and number of morbidities categories. These models include 3-way and 2-way interactions terms for dementia, age and number of morbidities. All costs are inflated to 2017 costs using the Consumer Price Index for all items in Canada. Unshaded cells show significant increases in costs or nonsignificant differences, shaded cells show significant decreases in cost and italics indicate nonsignificant differences.
↵† Includes costs of hospital admissions, medications, ACCS and provider claims.
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