Research
Open Access
Organ dysfunction and death in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 in pandemic waves 1 to 3 in British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec, Canada: a cohort study
Terry Lee, Matthew P. Cheng, Donald C. Vinh, Todd C. Lee, Karen C. Tran, Brent W. Winston, David Sweet, John H. Boyd, Keith R. Walley, Greg Haljan, Allison McGeer, François Lamontagne, Robert Fowler, David Maslove, Joel Singer, David M. Patrick, John C. Marshall, Kevin D. Burns, Srinivas Murthy, Puneet K. Mann, Geraldine Hernandez, Kathryn Donohoe, Genevieve Rocheleau and James A. Russell; for the ARBs CORONA I study investigators
April 19, 2022 10 (2) E379-E389; DOI: https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20210216
Terry Lee
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
PhDMatthew P. Cheng
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MDDonald C. Vinh
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MDTodd C. Lee
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MDKaren C. Tran
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MDBrent W. Winston
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MDDavid Sweet
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MDJohn H. Boyd
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MDKeith R. Walley
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MDGreg Haljan
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MDAllison McGeer
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MDFrançois Lamontagne
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MDRobert Fowler
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MDDavid Maslove
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MDJoel Singer
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
PhDDavid M. Patrick
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MDJohn C. Marshall
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MDKevin D. Burns
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MDSrinivas Murthy
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MDPuneet K. Mann
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MScGeraldine Hernandez
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
BScKathryn Donohoe
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
BScGenevieve Rocheleau
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
MScJames A. Russell
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (T. Lee, Singer), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Vinh, T.C. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Tran), Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia (Tran, Sweet, Patrick, Murthy), Vancouver, BC; Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Winston), Medicine (Winston) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Winston), Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary (Winston), Calgary, Alta.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Sweet), Vancouver General Hospital; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (Boyd, Walley, Russell) and Division of Critical Care Medicine (Boyd, Walley, Russell), St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Haljan), Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC; Mount Sinai Hospital (McGeer); University of Toronto (McGeer), Toronto, Ont.; Université de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Fowler), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Maslove), Kingston General Hospital and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Patrick), Vancouver, BC; Department of Surgery (Marshall), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Burns), Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; BC Children’s Hospital (Murthy); Black Tusk Research Group (Mann, Hernandez, Donohoe, Rocheleau), Vancouver, BC
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Organ dysfunction and death in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 in pandemic waves 1 to 3 in British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec, Canada: a cohort study
Terry Lee, Matthew P. Cheng, Donald C. Vinh, Todd C. Lee, Karen C. Tran, Brent W. Winston, David Sweet, John H. Boyd, Keith R. Walley, Greg Haljan, Allison McGeer, François Lamontagne, Robert Fowler, David Maslove, Joel Singer, David M. Patrick, John C. Marshall, Kevin D. Burns, Srinivas Murthy, Puneet K. Mann, Geraldine Hernandez, Kathryn Donohoe, Genevieve Rocheleau, James A. Russell
Apr 2022, 10 (2) E379-E389; DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20210216
Organ dysfunction and death in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 in pandemic waves 1 to 3 in British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec, Canada: a cohort study
Terry Lee, Matthew P. Cheng, Donald C. Vinh, Todd C. Lee, Karen C. Tran, Brent W. Winston, David Sweet, John H. Boyd, Keith R. Walley, Greg Haljan, Allison McGeer, François Lamontagne, Robert Fowler, David Maslove, Joel Singer, David M. Patrick, John C. Marshall, Kevin D. Burns, Srinivas Murthy, Puneet K. Mann, Geraldine Hernandez, Kathryn Donohoe, Genevieve Rocheleau, James A. Russell
Apr 2022, 10 (2) E379-E389; DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20210216
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