The observed and expected joint standardized prevalence ratio from the additive and multiplicative models in assessing the joint effects of diabetes and level of education and level of household income on the prevalence of visual impairment
| Year | Model | Observed joint SPR (95% CI) | Expected joint SPR | Suggested presence of interaction |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education + diabetes + v. education – diabetes –* | ||||
| 1994~1997† | Additive model | 7.28 (7.25–7.31) | 4.84 | Positive additive and no multiplicative |
| Multiplicative model | 3.72 (2.39–5.79) | 3.50 | ||
| 1998~2001‡ | Additive model | 4.22 (4.20–4.24) | 5.94 | Negative additive and negative multiplicative |
| Multiplicative model | 2.80 (2.11–3.71) | 4.57 | ||
| 2008/09 | Additive model | 2.38 (2.37–2.39) | 2.75 | Negative additive and negative multiplicative |
| Multiplicative model | 3.05 (2.45–3.80) | 4.72 | ||
| 2009/10 | Additive model | 2.67 (2.66–2.68) | 1.55 | Positive additive and no multiplicative |
| Multiplicative model | 3.10 (2.49–3.87) | 2.59 | ||
| 2013/14 | Additive model | 2.36 (2.35–2.37) | 2.82 | Negative additive and negative multiplicative |
| Multiplicative model | 2.95 (2.42–3.60) | 4.56 | ||
| Income + diabetes + v. income – diabetes –§ | ||||
| 1994/95 | Additive model | 9.48 (9.41–9.55) | 8.14 | Positive additive and no multiplicative |
| Multiplicative model | 3.72 (1.94–7.14) | 4.73 | ||
| 1996/97 | Additive model | 5.03 (5.00–5.06) | 7.76 | Negative additive and negative multiplicative |
| Multiplicative model | 3.32 (2.18–5.05) | 6.96 | ||
| 1998~2001‡ | Additive model | 6.23 (6.21–6.25) | 6.01 | Positive additive and negative multiplicative |
| Multiplicative model | 4.08 (2.83–5.89) | 6.19 | ||
| 2008/09 | Additive model | 2.93 (2.91–2.94) | 3.86 | Negative additive and negative multiplicative |
| Multiplicative model | 4.05 (3.09–5.31) | 9.06 | ||
| 2009/10 | Additive model | 3.01 (3.00–3.02) | 2.09 | Positive additive and no multiplicative |
| Multiplicative model | 3.57 (2.84–4.49) | 3.57 | ||
| 2013/14 | Additive model | 3.39 (3.38–3.40) | 2.86 | Positive additive and no multiplicative |
| Multiplicative model | 3.90 (3.06–4.97) | 4.91 | ||
Note: CI = confidence interval, SPR = standardized prevalence ratio.
↵* Education – diabetes –: middle–high level of education without diabetes; Education + diabetes +: low level of education with diabetes.
↵† 1994~1997: combining data from cycle 1994/95 and 1996/97 owing to sparse data.
↵‡ 1998~2001: combining data from cycle 1998/99 and 2000/01 owing to sparse data.
↵§ Income – diabetes –: middle–high level of household income without diabetes; income + diabetes +: low level of household income with diabetes.