Risk of bias: Newcastle–Ottawa Scale quality-assessment summary
| Publication | Study design | Selection* | Comparability† | Assessment‡ | Follow-up§ | Statistical¶ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | ||
| Ames et al.,9 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | NA |
| Ray et al.,18 2018 | Cross-sectional | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | NA | NA | Low risk |
| Newgard et al.,19 2021 | Retrospective cohort | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | NA |
| Lieng et al.,20 2021a | Cross-sectional | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | NA | NA | Low risk |
| Lieng et al., 2021b21 | Cross-sectional | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | NA | NA | Low risk |
| Newgard et al.,22 2022a | Retrospective cohort | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | NA |
| Newgard et al.,23 2023 | Cross-sectional | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | NA | NA | Low risk |
| Balmaks et al.,24 2020 | Prospective cohort | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | NA |
Note: NA = not applicable.
↵* Selection: 1. Representativeness of the exposed sample (selection bias); 2. Selection of the non-exposed sample (selection bias); 3. Ascertainment of exposure (selection bias); 4. Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study (selection bias).
↵† Comparability: 5. Comparability of samples on the basis of the design or analysis (comparability bias).
↵‡ Assessment: 6. Assessment of outcome (assessment bias).
↵§ Follow-up: 7. Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur (follow-up bias); 8. Adequacy of follow-up of cohorts (follow-up bias).
↵¶ Statistical: 9. Statistical test (statistical bias).