| Covariate | Cost ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| Treatment* | |
| Medical management | Reference |
| PCI | 1.27 (1.24-1.31) |
| CABG | 2.62 (2.53-2.71) |
| Patient-level factors | |
| Demographic characteristics | |
| Age, yr | 1.01 (1.01-1.01) |
| Sex, male | 0.96 (0.95-0.98) |
| Rural residence | 0.97 (0.95-0.99) |
| Income quintile | |
| 5 (highest) | Reference |
| 1 (lowest) | 1.10 (1.07-1.12) |
| 2 | 1.04 (1.02-1.07) |
| 3 | 1.02 (1.00-1.05) |
| 4 | 1.02 (1.00-1.05) |
| Medical comorbidities | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.25 (1.21-1.28) |
| Previous MI | 0.95 (0.93-0.97) |
| COPD | 1.10 (1.07-1.13) |
| Charlson score | 1.17 (1.16-1.17) |
| Cardiac risk factors | |
| Diabetes | 1.00 (0.99-1.02) |
| Hypertension | 1.11 (1.08-1.13) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.95 (0.93-0.97) |
| History of smoking | 1.00 (0.99-1.02) |
| Cardiac status/testing | |
| Native stenosis† | |
| LM | 1.12 (1.09-1.15) |
| Proximal LAD | 1.10 (1.08-1.11) |
| Mid/distal LAD | 1.08 (1.06-1.09) |
| Circumflex | 1.11 (1.09-1.12) |
| RCA | 1.09 (1.07-1.11) |
| Previous CABG | 0.83 (0.82-0.85) |
| LV function, % | |
| ≥ 50 | Reference |
| 35-49 | 1.03 (1.00-1.05) |
| ≤ 34 | 1.14 (1.10-1.18) |
| NA | 0.95 (0.93-0.97) |
| Patient-level factors cont'd | |
| Cardiac status/testing cont'd | |
| Exercise ECG risk | |
| Low risk | Reference |
| High risk | 1.04 (1.02-1.06) |
| Uninterpretable | 1.09 (1.05-1.14) |
| NA | 1.24 (1.21-1.27) |
| Functional imaging risk | |
| Low risk | Reference |
| High risk | 1.01 (0.99-1.03) |
| Unknown/NA | 1.05 (1.03-1.08) |
| CCS class | |
| 0 | Reference |
| 1 | 0.90 (0.87-0.92) |
| 2 | 0.88 (0.85-0.90) |
| 3 | 0.90 (0.88-0.92) |
| 4 | 0.86 (0.82-0.90) |
| Physician factors | |
| Referral physician | |
| Family physician | Reference |
| Cardiology | 1.02 (1.01-1.05) |
| Internal medicine | 1.00 (0.98-1.03) |
| Other | 1.22 (1.19-1.27) |
| Missing | 1.03 (1.00-1.05) |
| Hospital factors | |
| Hospital revascularization ratio* | |
| Low | Reference |
| Medium | 1.03 (0.93-1.15) |
| High | 1.08 (0.97-1.21) |
| Annual catheterization volume | 0.99 (0.99-0.99) |
Note: CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting, CI = confidence interval, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ECG = electrocardiography, LAD = left anterior descending, LM = left main, LV = left ventricular, MI = myocardial infarction, NA = not done or missing, PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention, RCA = right coronary artery.
*The 2 main covariates of interest: treatment type and hospital revascularization ratio.
†LM if ≥ 50% stenosis, proximal LAD if ≥ 70% stenosis, mid/distal LAD if ≥ 70% stenosis, circumflex if ≥ 70% stenosis, RCA if ≥ 70% stenosis.